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Job Training Of Employees In Hotel Garcia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Job Training Of Employees In Hotel Garcia? Answer: Presentation It is apparent and clear that the associations over the globe are endeavoring hard for accomplishing high upper hands and achievement in the business they work. For achieving this objective, associations are required to acquire and successfully take utilization of their HR. So as to staying up with the latest and very viable, it is fundamental that the authoritative administrators must hold concerned consideration regarding one of the key components of human asset the executives for example preparing and improvement as it assumes an imperative job in practically all the associations (Asfaw, Argaw and Bayissa, 2015). The examination, in this way, will have a key conversation on the noteworthiness and significance of on-work preparing of representatives in the cordiality part and its effect on the representatives exhibitions and consumer loyalty. Research Problem and Purpose Despite the expanded and ceaseless trainings and center upon the human asset the board of the associations, there is a significant issue which happens for example the expanded pace of representative turnover because of the difficulties and issues in the HRM branch of the association. Another key research issue is to distinguish the best approaches to deal with the general fulfillment of the clients in the neighborliness part (Ahammad, 2013). The fulfillment and achievement of the requirements of the clients is the key zone by which the administration of any cordiality association is estimated. Along these lines, de-roused representatives and upgraded turnover rate adversely impacts the client experience as well (Dardar, Jusoh and Rasli, 2012). The investigation will attempt to limit the hole through powerful writing and examination determined and contributing in clarifying the positive effect of on-work preparing for improving the clients fulfillment just as upgrading the presentatio n of the representatives and spurring them to hold in the association for an any longer timespan. Criticalness of the Research In setting with the above foundation, the reason for the examination paper is to investigate the effects of on-work preparing on the representatives turnover rate, consumer loyalty and representatives execution in the cordiality part. The importance of the investigation is that it clarifies the advantages of on-work preparing, the destinations behind the preparation offered to the representatives, the manner by which the preparation set out an effect of the exhibition of the representatives, benefits harvested by the associations of on-work preparing and furthermore the vocation improvement and innovative thinking about the representatives. All things considered, the results and the outcomes show method of improving the HR of the associations for accomplishing expanded number of serious advantages in the cordiality part (Elnaga and Imran, 2013). Extent of Report This investigation has a wide extension as it will feature a portion of the key angles, for example, preparing, human asset the executives, advancement, human asset improvement, worker execution, and representative turnover and consumer loyalty (Vasudevan, 2014). The paper will feature the essentialness of the subject through a writing survey cultivated from getting bits of knowledge from a few companion looked into diary, articles and postulation. A subjective methodology will be utilized for breaking down the assessing the significance of on-work preparing in the few associations in the friendliness division. Diagram of On-Job Training One of the center parts of the HRM capacities and the one that has a direct and inside and out pertinence to the productive usage of HR is on-work preparing. Number of scientists and scholars has introduced the noteworthiness of preparing as a key factor for the achievement and development of an association. As contrasted and the past writing and the spearheading perspectives of the writers, the associations currently need on-work preparing rather than simply customary preparing. On-work preparing can be comprehend as preparing offered to the representatives at the work place or their work station which can be the association or whatever other area where they are working (Alipour, Salehi and Shahnavaz, 2009). The hierarchical representatives are the most significant resource and very critical assets of the organizations. So as to achieve proficient and improved execution, it is fundamental to accentuation upon the workers commitment in the satisfaction of the hierarchical objectives and goals. The criticalness of on-work preparing as a focal and center capacity of the executives has been assessed by various research considers. The on-work preparing helps the representatives in creating business related information, mentalities and abilities with the goal that the general execution can be improved (Bercu, 2017). Human Resource Management Training The creators contended that the immense affirmation of the criticalness of on-work preparing in the previous barely any decades has been very affected by the extraordinary market rivalry. The unmistakable development of the associations is an aftereffect of enormous venture on the on-work preparing of the representatives (Nassazi, 2013). The creators had a view point that the persistent hierarchical change and fast mechanical advancements have driven huge numbers of the authoritative supervisors to the acknowledgment that the development of the association has a tremendous reliance upon the capacities and skills of their HR, and it exhibits the need of nonstop and immense venture on the on-work preparing of the representatives (Long, Perumal and Ajagbe, 2012). According to the perspectives on the creator, the idea of human asset the board for instance hierarchical responsibility and achievement have underlined the authoritative directors to understand the criticalness of on-work prep aring for the representatives to have a drawn out relationship with them (Nestoroska and Petrovska, 2014). Reason, Process Outcomes of On-Job preparing According to the creator, on-work preparing is fundamentally a learning action which is principally coordinated towards the accomplishment of the specific aptitudes, capacities and information for the point of some work or employment job. The key accentuation of on-work preparing is the work performed at the working environment for instance, the prerequisite for having standard and proficiency in the business tasks while serving to the clients in the accommodation part or the necessity for proficient clients administrations to make reference to however a couple (Ahammad, 2013). To develop the necessary information and skills of the representatives, to execute in a progressively effective way hands on job, needs proper on-work preparing programs which can likewise directly affect the authoritative duty and worker inspiration. The representatives have a capacity to break or make the benefit just as the brand picture of the associations according to the clients. Just as the representati ves are likewise responsible for various exercises that can affect the fulfillment of the clients as far as administrations offered by them and the nature of the administrations (Verhees, 2012). As indicated by the creator, on-work preparing is an orderly and arranged rebuilding or changes of the conduct by the methods for programs, exercises, learning exercises that results in the representatives accomplishment of expanded degrees of capacities, information and skills for completing the administrations in a progressively improved way. A formal on-work preparing movement is the activity of the associations to offer a chance to the current workforce to achieve upgraded information and abilities in setting with their activity job. This implies for the neighborliness segment enterprises to prevail in accomplishment of the destinations of the on-work preparing capacity and its satisfactory execution must be deliberately arranged just as must be altered for expanding the efficiency and t he people exhibitions (Aryee, et al., 2015). The greater part of the associations have just understood the significance of the on-work trainings and by compelling execution of a similar they have achieved tremendous acknowledgment and accomplishment in their business tasks (Ben Mansour and Naji and Leclerc, 2017). Connection between On-Job preparing and Employees execution Employee Turnover According to the broad writing and differing perspectives on writers, the writing accentuated that there is an immediate relationship between the on-work preparing and the representatives exhibitions (Gruman and Saks, 2011). The creators clarify the situation as when the on-work trainings are offered to the representatives, their individual abilities and information upgrades that bring about abatement in the quantity of issues that happens at the hour of working. In this manner, improving the representatives exhibitions is one of the key explanations for executing the on-work preparing programs in the associations (Dhar, 2015). There is likewise an immediate effect of the on-work preparing on the representative turnover rate as when the workers can't have a harmony between their aptitudes and information with that of the necessary capabilities to coordinate the activity jobs, there happen various difficulties that weakens the people exhibitions and de-persuade them which brings about expanded pace of turnover of the representatives because of upsurge issues identified with work job and multifaceted nature of undertakings (Mowday, Porter and Steers, 2013). The creators clarifies the critical job on-work preparing in settling the issue of representative turnover as on-work preparing offers a smooth comprehension of the assignments and employment by getting more inside and out information and advancement of the capabilities (Sila, 2014). (Source: Long, Perumal and Ajagbe, 2012) The connection between on-work preparing, worker exhibitions and representative turnover can likewise be comprehend by one of the prestigious hypothesis for example correspondence hypothesis. As indicated by this hypothesis, it depends on not many of the suppositions where the people get increasingly dedicated with the association and the work when they are given progressively sufficient preparing as they needed to give productive outcomes to the association in regard wi

23 Secret Santa Gift Ideas Your Coworkers Will Love

23 Secret Santa Gift Ideas Your Coworkers Will Love You probably spend a lot of time with your coworkers, but youre somehow always baffled when it comes to gift-giving.Youre probably not able to pick the right gift for each of them right away. Do you find yourself pondering on the issue for too long?Are you surprised with how much your creativity may fail you when it comes to the tradition of Secret Santa?Even though you may know when your colleagues sleep, how they wake up and what they eat, can you really say that you know what would really really surprise them?You might know a couple of your colleagues well, but what about the rest of them?Lets face it, its impossible to know everyone well, no matter how much time you spent teambuilding.Hopefully, you remembered to google the solutions for the problem because we have the list of classics your colleagues will love and appreciate.Here are a couple of solutions that might help:1. BOX OF CHOCOLATEEstimated Price: $2.00Despite the general opinion that consuming chocolate you are gaining weight and high blood pressure, its not all that grim. Its confirmed that chocolate helps synthesize serotonin, which is known as the hormone of happiness.Even if you dont know your colleagues very well you can be damn sure their mood will be improved and that theyll appreciate the gift. Its a golden classic.2. BOTTLE OF WINEEstimated Price: $5.00We all have that one colleague who likes to relax with a glass (or a bottle of wine) every now and then.Be careful though, if you give this gift to a lady, she might invite you to help her empty the bottle and you know that you shouldnt mix business and pleasure or should you?It can also be a very serious gift if you are giving it to your superior, but in that case, you better buy an expensive one. Here are the top ten wines you can buy.Did we mention that wine also lowers the risk of heart disease? You cant make a mistake with this gift, honestly.3. MOUSE PADEstimated Price: $3.00We all have a gamer or two in our lines. Even ordinary mort als who are not into gaming have the need for a decent mouse pad since not all of our desks are smooth and polished enough for our cursor to flow freely.Not manipulating your cursor effectively can really waste your time and cause frustration at work so this one can work. Here are  the top eight mouse pads  for work and home. There are some cool designs as well.4. COFFEE MUGEstimated Price: $1.00  There are, undoubtedly, serious coffee worshipers in every single office in the world. In relation to that, there are rituals on drinking this productivity juice and coffee mug is an important sacrament in these rituals.By the way, check out these fifty coffee mugs.Be wary of writing on your coffee mug. Its the first thing you see when you start your workday so it can have a prophetic quality or send subliminal messages to program your subconscious mind.5. TRAVEL TOURPrice Range from $50.00This one is more expensive than the others so make sure that its worth it.The proper way to help your coworker after a hard year of work is to give him a tour-card gift.Its a more sentimental gift than that of a product, but that only increases its value. You’re giving your colleague a gift of experience.Remember how we all dreamt of spending our money on traveling the world? Well, something happened and we got caught up in the chase so we never do it anymore.We think about traveling but we choose to spend our money elsewhere. Thats why, with this gift, youll help your colleague get out of his/her comfort zone and experience the joy of travel once again.Here are also the top  eighteen places  to travel if he doesn’t like sun or women.6. SIMPLE EARRINGSEstimated Price: $4.00Earrings are the traditional addition to women’s looks, but men wear it more and more with genders going fluid and stuff. Kidding, it doesnt have to be the gender thing. Sometimes people just like to look cool.By helping them do that you form a specific kind of bond. Its a Secret Santa trend to craft the ea rrings yourself if you want to make it intimate, but if you dont have time to do it, cruise the Internet a little bit.There are hand-crafted earrings all around and some of them are as cool as it gets.Then again, if your team is more on the luxurious side of life, the markets got you covered there as well.7. RINGEstimated Price: $4.00Much like the earrings, a ring can be a piece of jewelry, but there are ways of making it much more than that.You and your teammates can have bro rings to signify your semper fi relationship.On the other hand, rings may often mean intimate commitment so it can be a curveball.Its a good way of reminding your colleague that youre there for them as a friend as well.8. BRACELETPrice: $1.00Bracelets always have some meaning relating to specific types of bonds. Giving this gift to your coworker can mean that you want to bond your friendship on work and become better coworkers.On the other hand, it can be a simple piece of jewelry without the need to philosoph ize on the matter. It can just look good, right?There are cool bracelets you can make yourself or you can buy hand-crafted bracelets online.P.S. Dont think of bracelets as womens accessories only. There are bracelets that are macho asf.9. A PHOTO ALBUMThe Estimated Price of $7This one is an old classic, but since things are going retro, its still popular.Dont just buy an empty photo album though. Fill it up with photos of your team doing different activities together.You probably spend 40 hours a week trapped in the office with those people. There must be tons of photographs in your phones and on social media.Just make those photos… materialize. Things have a different flavor when theyre not virtual. Make those memories count and amass. Its a good teambuilding gift as well.10. ENGRAVED PENEstimated Price: $50.00Shopping for coworkers can be tough. You don’t want to overbuy it, but you also don’t want to be cheap.This gift can be a very special one, but it can also be an impers onal evergreen gift. It depends on what you engrave. It can be a joke that you all laughed to which will remind your colleague of the cool moments you spent together.It can be a powerful punch-line or a saying of some sort as well. 11. BOOKPrice: $20.00Finding the right book for you coworker can be a rough one, but it’s not all that bad. Just make sure that your colleagues like to read before you opt for this one.Itd be a shame for them to use the book you gave them as a decorative piece of furniture.Even if theyre not keen on poetry etc., there are very useful books that all of us should read if we plan on ever learning useful skills.There are numerous business books that you can give to your coworkers that strive towards better careers. Here are the best fifteen business books you can give to your coworker.12. FLOWERSEstimated Price: $10.00Giving flowers fits every situation. Happy or sad it doesn’t matter, flowers can be the perfect gift. Every flower speaks for itself. You s hould know something about the symbolic meaning of the flowers you may choose to give.For example, roses indicate romantic feelings so its not something you wanna give to your boss unless thats exactly what youre aiming for.Pelargonium may be a good option for you as its a traditional present symbolizing true alliance among friends. It doesn’t matter if you are living in a small apartment or house, flowers can give your nest a nicer look.There is perfect online ordering, where you can find any flower you think your coworker will love and all you have to do is use your phone. Your flowers can also be sent to the doorstep of your coworker any day you want.However, the best way to give flowers is to give it yourself they will appreciate you more.Its also for the best for the plants or flowers to be alive. That way youre giving them something to nurture in the times to come.Its not just a product or a thing that youre giving. Youre giving them a chance to devote to something and that is something all of us need to learn how to appreciate.13. GLOVESPrice: $30.00Since more and more people became addicted to smartphones and other touchscreen gadgets, gloves can be ideal for them.It gets rough during winters because you cant type with your gloves on.You can give your colleagues fingerless gloves which can be semi-useful since their fingers will still be in touch with weather or you can buy them the latest gloves since nowadays gloves are being made touchscreen friendlier.If you have gardener among your coworkers you should get them gardening gloves as well.This one works subliminally as well. The general meaning of gloves lies in the fact that they are protecting their wearer.Since you are the one that’s giving it to your coworkers they will feel safer and wormer working with you.14. PILLOWPrice: $20.00There are a lot of reasons that a pillow is an ideal gift for everyone. You don’t have to worry about size because pillows come in all sizes and shapes.Giving the pillow might be a bit odd, but its cool enough, right? Sleep is an important ritual as well.Providing sacraments for sleeping makes you a part of an important everyday experience that your colleagues have.Decent sleep is what everyone dreams about, and pillow is one of the things that can help your coworkers get enough sleep for work.You never know how important it is to have a good pillow until you start having problems with your neck and posture.By providing a good sleep for everyone in the office, you invest in the overall working atmosphere because everyones happy when they get a good night sleep.Its remarkable how much quality sleep can affect the stress levels in your office so, no matter how odd this gift may seem, its bound to pay off sooner or later.Here are  the top seven pillows  that will help your coworkers sleep better. Because having a nice sleep can’t be paid for.15. FITNESS TRACKEREstimated Price: $50.00There are few things that can naturally boost your dopamine levels (dopamine is another happy hormone) and exercise beats them all.However, its not easy to exercise. Its hard to stay put and motivate yourself to push through.Keeping track of your fitness activities is a sure way of knowing where you stand with your results.When it comes to fitness, the logic is simple the amount of work you put in equals the results. When you have the numbers, its not easy to fool yourself anymore. You have only yourself to thank or blame for the results.All of that works to motivate you to succeed and take responsibility in life.A fitness tracker will help your colleagues monitor their activity by making them more alert about their goal of losing weight.They will also start sharing their weekly goals achieved instead of daily complaining. Training with an incredible device will make your coworker more accountable and persistent about their work.It is a great thing for anyone who is trying to improve their lifestyle or just lose weight. All they have to do is stop complaining and start using the device you gave them, and they will be eternally grateful.The positive atmosphere in the office will also skyrocket because there are few things better than fitness when it comes to dopamine.16. SCARFEstimated Price: $15.00When you think about a timeless fashionable gift, scarf must be the first thing crossing your mind. It has been worn for centuries by different nations.Muslim women are wearing it to show their modesty. While in the West people usually wear it as a fashion accessory and a token of luxury.Giving your coworker this type of cloth will make them feel gracious.17. PRINTED SOCKSEstimated Price: $5.00When we were kids we usually received socks from our grandmothers and mothers. There is something unexplainable happening when you get socks. You almost feel like a kid again.Another thing about the socks is that you always seem to lose them somehow. Its like the washing machine eats them or something.Getting your coworker a new pair o f printed socks with a funny line on them can be a perfect gift for them. They are not expensive, but they are thoughtful asf, so thats what counts.There are a lot of articles saying what to wear and what not to wear. Socks are not that popular in those articles so its hard to make a mistake there.It’s not like buying a sweater or a jacket. Getting socks for someone is a lot easier, especially if you know their shoe size, if you don’t you can still buy the most common size.There are various styles of socks but the best ones and the warmest ones are wool socks.Dominant diamond standard in durable and warm footwear! 18. LEATHER BAGEstimated Price: $100.00Giving a leather bag is a gift for the special coworker. It shows that you are in their lives for a long time. It shows you believe in their ambitions for succeeding in the work.Leather bag is considered as a classic which will show them you have good taste even make them feel they have good taste.Its a bit expensive though so go for it only if your salary kicks through the roof.P.S. A backpack is a good idea if youre buying for a male coworker.19. PERFUMEEstimated Price: $50.00Giving perfume shows that you care. It’s a highly thoughtful gift. It’s a gift that your colleagues will be wearing daily and theyll think of you every time they put it on.But that makes it a personal gift so you want to give it to your female coworker or if some of your closest coworkers have a perfume wish-list, this is a perfect gift for them.Be careful not to overstep the line though. General opinion on giving someone a perfume is the affection of your love towards that person.20. A LEATHER NOTEBOOKEstimated Price: $20.00Sometimes you or your coworkers have some great ideas while drinking beer. Tomorrow none of you can remember the ideas. The beer is the cause of them appearing and disappearing from your memory.Leather notebook is the perfect gift for everyone that likes to brainstorm over a pint or two. It is also an inspirat ional gift.All great entrepreneurs and geniuses have had their own notebooks where they kept track of their enterprises.The thing with brilliant minds is that they have so many good ideas that they start to disregard them and they become reckless.Having a cool leather notebook may motivate that brilliant colleague that you may have to actually write something down. It can also make the rookie from your team look more professional. It will make him look like he is taking his job seriously and that is the best way of introducing him to old clients.It is also a great gift for a guy that always forgets the birthdays of his family members. If your coworkers are fashion junkies, it is a great business-fashion addition.21. SCENTED CANDLESEstimated Price: $5.00The workplace usually has a stressful atmosphere. The anxiety levels kick through the roof and you can just smell them in the air.Nowadays there are scented candles with so many individual designs. Finding out the right one for you co worker’s desk is not that hard.All your receiver needs to do is simply look at them or smell their scent and he will feel relieved of stress for at least some time.Candles have a great impact on our working routine. Its a bit contra-intuitive, but they can help cool things down motivate us and makes us stay on top of our game.22. WIRELESS SPEAKEREstimated Price: $40.00Working every day in the same place can be tough and stressful. Everyone needs some type of ventilation and a wireless speaker can help you with that.Whenever your coworker feels pressured music can help. Research conducted by neuroscientists found that music makes us happy by helping the release of Dopamine.Listening to music changes your brains chemistry a great deal.23. UMBRELLAEstimated Price: $15.00When buying a gift there’s a lot to consider.What’s my budget, should it be tech or non-tech? Is it something useful and in which way can my coworker use it?An umbrella might be the perfect thing you give to your coworkers. It comes handy in at least two seasons and its fashionable if you go for that gentlemanly look.People lose umbrellas all the time so you can never have enough of thoseHere are the  ten best umbrellas  the designers offered us this year.CONCLUSIONIt doesn’t matter what you give and what you get, what matter is who you get it from. Christmas is best spent with your family members and your business is most successful if you view your coworkers as family.After all, you do spend almost half of your life with those people (unless you switch positions and companies every now and then).Secret Santa is a good way to spice Christmas and New Years up to and reading this article is a sure way not to suck at this wonderful teambuilding activity.

The Fall Of Willy Loman Essay - 822 Words

The Fall of Willy Loman Willy Loman was a man who gradually destroyed himself with false hopes and beliefs. Throughout his entire life Willy believed that he would die a rich and successful man. It was inevitable for him to come crumbling down after years of disillusions. We can look at Willy’s life by examining some of his character traits that brought him down. Charley once said to Willy, â€Å"When the hell are you going to grow up?† Willy spent his entire life will this false illusions and comcepts, he thought that he would die a rich and famous man. When he looked at himself, he saw a great man that was successful. One may think that having a positive outlook is good for ones self-esteem, but in Willy’s case it was detrimental.†¦show more content†¦Due to the fantasy world that Willy lived in, mostly caused by the American Dream, he pursued his career in sales. Based on the success of Dave Singleman, his mentor. His bad career choice caused most of his dissatisfaction with life. His sales career simply conflicted with his natural abilities and talents. I believe that he knew he should have been working in a different field, but his obsession with the American Dream would not allow him to realize that. When Willy dreamt of working with his hands he was the happiest. â€Å"Yeah. He was a happy man with a batch of ce ment. He was so wonderful with his hands. He had all the wrong dreams All, all, wrong.† According to the idea of the America Dream, manual labor did not comply. Sadly enough, Willy measured his self worth by the standards of the American Dream. Willy was a stubborn man that was possessed by extreme pride. Charley offered him a job when he came into his office nearly begging. Charley tried explaining some points of the business world, explaining that being liked is not an issue. Willy really had no idea how the business world worked. He thought if one was liked, no problems would arise. â€Å"Why must everyone like you? Who liked J.P. Morgan? Was he impressive? In a Turkish bath he’d look like a butcher. But with his pockets on he was very well liked. Now listen, Willy, I know you don’t like me, and nobody can say I’m in love with you, butShow MoreRelatedEssay about Marxism and the Fall of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman2986 Words   |  12 Pageslives† (146). This lasting effect on Miller is embodied in the character of Willy Loman, an unsuccessful salesman whose life collapses from the strain of his competition for wealth, demonstrated by Nilsen as she claims the fault lies in the â€Å"Im pairment of [Willy’s] conscience and sanity by intolerable economic pressures† (155). Because of his focus on material success, which Marxists view as a critical flaw in capitalism, Willy loses his sanity battling the corruption within himself and the AmericanRead More Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Willy Loman is NOT a Tragic Hero987 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Willy Loman is NOT a Tragic Hero In The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, it is argued weather that Willy Loman is a tragic hero. There are cases for both classifications of Willy. By definition, a tragic hero is a person born into nobility, is responsible for their own fate, endowed with a tragic flaw, and doomed to make a serious error in judgment. The tragic hero eventually falls from great esteem. They realize they have made an irreversible mistakeRead MoreEssay on Can Willy Loman Be Considered A Tragic Hero?1632 Words   |  7 PagesCan Willy Loman Be Considered A Tragic Hero? Whether Willy Loman can be considered a tragic hero has long been debated between critics. Ever since Miller produced the play, people have discussed whether Willy’s status was high enough for his fall to be considered tragic, or whether Willy can be seen as an altogether modern tragic hero, I will be looking at both these views taking into consideration critics views and also adding my own thoughts. Tragedy has its origin in ancient GreeceRead More Willy Loman as a Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Essay examples919 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero in Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the troubled father and husband in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, can be classified as a tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle in his work, Poetics. In Aristotles Poetics, a tragic hero was defined as one who falls from grace into a state of extreme despair. Willy, as we are introduced to him, becomes increasingly miserable as he progresses from a dedicated, loving father, though not without flaws, into a suicidal, delusionalRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagestraditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Irving 247). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and the audience experiences catharsis. Willy Loman as a real tragic hero comes to theRead More Death of a Salesman Structure Metaphoric Language and Theme1542 Words   |  7 Pagesof the tragic hero, it can be see that Willy Loman is not a tragic hero but a victim of a false idealistic pursuit of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy strives to become and instill in his sons the success of the self made man that American society often advertises but ultimately falls short, and instead, escapes accepting his failure through lies and death. What many flaws Willy possesses, most do not correlate with the classic tragic hero. Willy Loman, was never really of noble stature, asRead More Willy Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1065 Words   |  5 PagesWilly Loman, Redefining the Tragic Hero in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   The events in the life of Willy Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman are no doubt tragic, yet whether or not he can be considered a tragic hero in a traditional sense is a topic requiring some discussion. Aristotle set the criteria for qualities a character must possess in order to be considered a tragic hero. In order to reach a conclusion on this matter, all six criteria must be examined to determineRead More Willy Loman Died a Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman880 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman Died a Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman   Ã‚   In his early sixties he knows his business as well as he ever did. But the unsubstantial things have become decisive; the spring has gone from his step, the smile from his face and the heartiness from his personality. He is through. The phantom of his life has caught up with him. As literally as Mr. Miller can say it, dust turns to dust. Suddenly, there is nothing (Internet 1). The New York Times has expressed the tragedyRead More Modern Tragic Hero Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesplays, features the life of Willy Loman, a delusional salesman with a grandiose plan to live the American dream. As a result to the tragic events of Willy Loman’s life starting with his father’s abandonment, and ending with his suicide, Willy Loman never lives the life he has always dreamed. Although, arguably discredited as a tragic hero, Willy Loman attains the qualities essential to credit him as a tragic hero of modern times. Whether or not Willy Loman is a tragic hero in DeathRead MoreThe American Dream Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pagesprosperity and status. To start, there are multiple characters in Miller’s Death of a Salesman that represent the American Dream. Charley, for example, is one of those characters. Charley is the honest and hardworking neighbor of Willy Loman. Charley, unlike Willy Loman, has self-confidence. Having self-confidence is one of the aspects of the American Dream, for one should always be comfortable in one’s skin. Being confident, without bragging, is one accomplishment of living in the American Dream

The Chinese Giant E Commerce Company - 766 Words

The Chinese giant e-commerce company, Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. (Alibaba), unleashed a controversial scenario since the firm launched on September 2014 its initial public offering (IPO) on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Palepu, et al., 2015). Considered the biggest in the history, Alibaba’s IPO raised $21.8m in its debut at an offering price of $68 per share (Figure 1.1). Originally, the company had made attempts to list within the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx). However, it was refused in 2013 as a consequence of a proposal of 28 current â€Å"partners† within the corporate governance. Figure 1.1 How much the biggest IPO raised? Source: Davidson (2014) Alibaba.com provides online sales services around the world from 1999 (Alibaba Group, 2015). Currently, this platform represents a huge, innovative and accessible way to business. Its website allows an effective connection between small and medium sized Chinese companies with international customers. The core concept was to create straightforward links to communicate each party in a trustable and reliable alternative. Revenues came from suppliers who purchased a premium subscription that permitted creation of an online storefront on Alibaba.com featuring â€Å"detailed product information, a virtual tour of the company, and TrustPass verification.† The company changed the traditional way of bargaining and also boosted the Chinese production to be well-know worldwide. Other units of Alibaba were launched later toShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Alibuba In China1093 Words   |  5 Pagesthe year 2016, an e-commerce giant held a one-day sales bonanza that outsold Black Friday and Cyber Monday at all US retailers combined. 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The problems found within the company are all solvable with the innovation and success that the company has been creating through their previous years. DECISION CRITERIA Dow Corning offers two brands that target different areas that consumers findRead MoreCase Study Alibaba, Com1272 Words   |  6 PagesAlibaba.com’s Brief Company Background On November 6, 2007, Alibaba.com debuted on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, raising US$1.5 billion to become the world’s biggest Internet stock offering since Google’s initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. On the first trading day, frenzied purchases of the stock pushed prices up to by 193%, the fourth largest first day gain in Hong Kong’s stock exchange in three years. The closing price of US$5.09 per share gave Alibaba.com a value of about US$25.6 billionRead MoreCase Study of Tencent’s E-Commerce Strategy1327 Words   |  6 PagesCase study of Tencent’s E-commerce Strategy Executive Summary Tencent’s E-commerce strategy didn’t work well. 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Effective Performance Appraisal free essay sample

In spite of this fact, however, there are some elements which are common to all effective performance appraisal systems, regardless of the actual method(s) used in the system. These elements will be discussed shortly. However, before examining these common links, a brief overview of performance appraisal as it is currently practised in American organisations is in order. Current Trends in Performance Appraisal As previously noted, controversy over the best performance appraisal system continues. The dilemma was highlighted in the 19 May 1980 issue of Business Week where the editors concluded that managers want a system that will pinpoint specific marginal behaviour that should be reinforced or discontinued, serve as a personnel development tool, provide a realistic assess ­ ment of an employees potential for advancement, and — a particularly hot issue in the 1980s — stand up in court as a valid defence in discrimination suits. Has the search for a best system affected what companies actually do in performance appraisal? A study conducted by Taylor and Zawacki[2] in 1981 set out to answer this question y sending a mail questionnaire to 200 firms located throughout the United States — these companies were selected at random from the Fortune 1000. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Performance Appraisal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eighty-four (42 per cent) were returned and used in the study. The size of respondent firms ranged from less than 1,000 employees (nine), 1,000-5,000 employees (63), and more than 5,000 employees (12). Non-respondent firms did not vary significantly in terms of size. This study, which duplicated a previous one conducted in 1976, asked what kind of performance appraisal system was used for management and blue-collar employees. It also asked for the interval between ratings, productivity and employee reaction to the appraisal system, anticipated changes and respondent satisfaction to the present system. While it is not possible to go into all the detailed findings of this study, some of the most pertinent information is summarised below. ? While in 1976 43 per cent of the respondent firms had used a traditional performance appraisal system (e. g. , forced distribution) and 57 per cent had used a collaborative system (e. g. , MBO), in 1981 these figures had changed to 53 per cent and 47 per cent respectively. In other words, the proportion of companies using a traditional approach to performance appraisal had increased while the proportion of those using a collaborative approach had decreased. Several respondents provided written comments stating that they had changed to quantitative (i. e. traditional) systems in recent years in reaction to legal challenges to their previous collaborative system. In 1981, 39 of the 41 organisations using a traditional system used a graphic rating scale. Of the collaborative forms, 23 firms used MBO and 11 used a BARS system. The percentage of firms not satisfied with their current appraisal system increased from only nine per cent in 1976 to 47 per cent in 1981. In addition, those with collaborative systems were more likely to be satisfied, while the majority of firms with traditional systems expressed dissatisfaction. As far as the effect of the type of system used on employee attitudes went, 37 per cent of the ? IMDS January/February 1988 13 ? companies using a traditional approach felt that it had improved employee attitudes while 63 per cent felt it had not. Of those companies using a collaborative approach, 77 per cent felt it had improved employee attitudes and 23 per cent felt it had not. ? Of the 22 firms indicating that they anticipated changing their performance appraisal system in the near future, 12 were moving from a collaborative system to a traditional system. This is especially interesting in light of the fact that, in the 1976 study, the majority of firms indicating that they were considering a change said that the move would be from a traditional to a collaborative approach. While the 1981 study did not delve into the reasons behind this shift in attitude, Taylor and Zawacki conjectured that it was due to governmental and legal pressures for precise (i. e. , quantitative) measures which overwhelmed a desire to help people develop and grow towards becoming more effective employees. Of the firms surveyed, 49 per cent felt that their performance appraisal system had improved employee performance (roughly the same proportion found in 1976). However, the number of firms that did not believe employee performance had improved as a result of the appraisal process had gone from four per cent in 1976 to 19 per cent in 1981 — and none of these firms anticipated changing their system! (5) The appraiser should be given feedback regarding his/her effectiveness in the performance appraisal process. (6) The performance appraisal system, regardless of the methodology employed, must comply with legal requirements (notably, Equal Employment Opportunities guidelines). Since the factors listed above are consistently highlighted in the literature as essential elements of an effective performance appraisal system, each of them warrants individual attention. Performance Goals Must Be Clearly and Specifically Defined Special emphasis should be placed on this phase of performance appraisal, since the lack of specifically defined performance goals will undoubtedly undermine the effectiveness of the entire performance appraisal process. The key performance areas need to be identified, assigned priorities and stated in quantifiable terms whenever possible. The mutual goal-setting process between a manager and subordinate associated with Management by Objectives is a particularly beneficial way to foster acceptance and internal motivation on the part of the employee[3]. As is often the case, if multiple goals are established, they should be ranked so that the employee has a clear understanding of which areas may warrant more attention and resources than others. Furthermore, every attempt should be made to describe performance goals in terms of their time, quality, quantity, and monetary dimensions. This will reduce the opportunity for misinterpretation about what is to be accomplished and what limitations there are. The quantification of goals will also make it easier for the manager and the employee to measure the employees progress towards achieving the objectives. The need for quantifying objectives is succinctly summed up by George Ordione: If you cant count it, measure it, or describe it, you probably dont know what you want and can often forget it as a goal. There is still too much, do your best, or Ill let you know when its right, going around in todays organisations. If you cant define the desired type and level of performance in detail, then you have no right to expect your subordinate to achieve it. [4] ? To summarise, it would appear that while most firms wish to use a collaborative form of performance appraisal, they feel thwarted by outside forces (notably Equal Employment Opportunities requirements) in their attempts to implement such a system within their organisations. The dilemma, then, is finding a workable solution which will meet both constraints. The remainder of this article will take a look at these two seemingly conflicting areas (effectiveness vs. efensiveness) and how they can be integrated into a meaningful performance appraisal system. Elements of an Effective Performance Appraisal System While various authors use different names and modified descriptions for them, the following factors seem to be universally accepted by most authorities on the subjects as requisites for an effective performance appraisal system: (1) Performan ce goals must be specifically and clearly defined. (2) Attention must be paid to identifying, in specific and measurable terms, what constitutes the varying levels of performance. 3) To be effective, performance appraisal programmes should tie personal rewards to organisational performance. (4) The supervisor and employee should jointly identify ways to improve the employees performance, and then establish a development plan to help the employee achieve his/her goals. The Varying Levels of Performance While setting performance goals is a crucial first step in the process, managers also need to concentrate more attention on identifying what constitutes the varying levels of performance. If the organisation uses the typical poor, fair, good, very good and excellent scale of performance, the manager has a responsibility to identify at the beginning what levels of performance will produce a very good or excellent rating. However, setting specific goals for organisational performance is not enough — managers also need to relate performance to the individuals rewards. Agreeing on what is to be accomplished and what varying levels of performance represent in terms of evaluation and rewards is crucial for the performance appraisal process to be effective[5]. Since the first two steps of this process (i. e. , defining performance goals and setting performance standards) IMDS January/February 1988 14 are closely connected, an example of how these steps might be achieved is warranted. A prerequisite for setting performance goals is to establish job tasks. To measure performance realistically, objectively and productively, we must base our reviews on job content rather that job constructs. Constructs are broad, often self-evident terms which describe a general task, activity or requirement. Richards refers to them as garbage words in terms of their usefulness as performance standards). An example might be communication skills. While few would argue the need for skills in communication for many employees, the problem is how to define the term in light of the requirements of the specific job in question. Will the employee be required to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Write memos? Write letters? Conduct interviews? Deliver public speeches? Present pr oposals to clients? Describe features and benefits of a product? Resolve face-to-face conflicts? Handle customer complaints? Write job descriptions? Describe and define job standards? Manage meetings? Present ideas to top management? Initiative: Resourceful in taking necessary or appropriate action on own responsibility. Unsatisfactory Poor A routine Often waits unnecessarily worker; usually for direction. waits to be told what to do, requiring constant direction. Satisfactory Good Excellent Seeks and gets added tasks for self; highly selfreliant. Assumes responsibility. Does regular Resourceful; work without alert to waiting for opportunities directions. or Follows improvement directions with of work. little follow-up Volunteers suggestions. Table I. drinks per bottle, etc. In turn, these indicators should be broken down into measurable standards, as shown in Table II. As shown, when identifying what constitutes the varying levels of performance, we need to decide what we can expect in terms of outstanding performance, what is satisfactory and what is the minimum level of perfo rmance we can tolerate. One could argue that these are subjective determinations, and this is of course true. What is important, however, is that once these determinations have been made, performance can be measured objectively against the standard. It is important to keep in mind that standards should be set based on what we require or need in the performance of a job and not on our assessment of a specific individuals ability to do the job. Unless we specify the behaviour we want in the context of job content requirements, it will be near impossible objectively to measure someones performance under the generic construct of communication. We must determine the sort of communicating the job requires of the employee. Some organisations attempt to aid supervisors by providing rating scales which are anchored to descriptions of performance (i. e. , the BARS approach), such as the one shown in Table I. While this type of scale is certainly a vast improvement over those that offer no anchors (rating descriptions) at all, we could still argue over the ratings. The standards are subjective and unmeasurable, both undesirable traits in any performance appraisal system. To overcome these problems, the job should be broken down into responsibilities, with a series of performance indicators provided for each responsibility. In turn, these indicators should be accompanied by objective and measurable performance standards. An example will help illustrate the process. A bartenders job can be broken down into several responsibilities, including mixing drinks, cost control, inventory control, house keeping, safety, law enforcement, supervision, customer relations, etc. In turn, each of these responsibility areas can be broken down into several performance indicators. For example, performance indicators of the job responsibility mixing drinks might include complaints, returns, brands used, appearance, speed, number of Personal Rewards and Organisational Performance To be truly effective, performance appraisal programmes should tie personal rewards to organisational performance. Too many reward systems are based on time on the job, are divided evenly among employees, or offer too little incentive to increase motivation significantly. As noted by Harper[3], performance appraisal systems need to be designed with the three Es of motivation in mind. The first E refers to the exchange theory, which states that people tend to contribute to the organisations objectives as long as they believe they will be rewarded. The second E refers to the equity theory, which states that motivation is tied to the relative, rather than the absolute, size of the reward. For example, if person A does 25 per cent better than person B, but gets only five per cent more in a merit increase, then person A is likely to feel that management has actually punished him or her for doing noticeably better than person B. The third E is the expectancy theory of motivation, which asserts that motivation is a combination of the persons perceived probability (expectancy) of receiving a reward and the worth of the reward. Even when the reward is great, motivation may in fact be quite low if the employee does not believe that he or she has a reasonable chance of achieving the necessary level of performance to get the reward. Conversely, if the employee believes that the probability of receiving the reward is high, there will be little motivation if he or she does not need or value the reward. IMDS January/February 1988 15 Job: Bartender Job responsibilities Mix drinks, etc. Indicators Complaints Returns Measurements used (recipe) Brands used Appearance Time No. of drinks per bottle, etc. feedback to managers about the quality of their performance appraisal ratings would seem to have several advantages: ? ? It is relatively inexpensive and easy to develop and implement. The feedback is based on ratings made by each manager as part of the formal performance appraisal process. This enables the feedback to be tailored to the individual. The feedback can provide managers with a basis upon which to compare their ratings with those made by other managers. This normative type of feedback is rarely available to managers; as a result, there is very little information upon which they can evaluate how lenient or strict they are. A feedback system should help to ensure comparability of ratings among managers, which in turn may increase employee satisfaction with the appraisal process. That is, employees are more likely to perceive that their performance has been evaluated equitably since managers are using the same standards when evaluating performance. ? Job: Bartender Standards Job responsibilities Mix drinks Indicators Minimum Complaints 4/week Satisfactory 2/week Outstanding 0 ? Table II. In summary, then, for a performance appraisal programme to be successful in this area, it must: (1) Tie rewards to performance (2) Offer a high enough level of reward (3) Have the level of reward reflect the relative differences in the various levels of performance (4) Tailor the rewards to the needs and desires of individual employees. Development Plans Ideally, the performance appraisal programme should be comprised of two separate sessions between the manager and the employee. In the first session the manager and employee review the level of performance from the previous period — what went well, what did not, and why. This session also identifies the employees strengths as well as the areas that need to be improved. The manager then encourages the employee to prepare a development plan to be discussed at the second meeting. The development plan is intended to identify areas that should be improved upon during the coming period. The subordinate should be encouraged to: (1) Concentrate on those areas that will affect results (2) Select three or four particular areas for improvement rather than an unrealistic and unmanageable number (3) Set improvement goals that are specific and measurable[6]. Whatever the end result happens to be, the employee needs to be the principal author (although the manager should offer help and suggestions) since people tend to be more motivated to accept and implement a plan of their own making. IMDS January/February 1988 16 Indications of the usefulness of such a feedback system were documented in a study by Davis and Mount[7] in which managers were provided feedback vis a vis the ratings they gave to employees. In response to a questionnaire distributed one week after they had received feedback regarding the quality of their performance ratings, 79 per cent of the managers indicated they were either satisfied (seven per cent) or very satisfied (72 per cent) with the feedback; 93 per cent said they considered it when making subsequent performance evaluations; 70 per cent said it influenced their ratings either appreciably (47 per cent) or substantially (23 per cent), and 79 per cent said the feedback had utility for making managers ratings more comparable. The test results from this study indicated that the feedback also significantly reduced the presence of leniency error (the tendency to skew the rating distribution towards the higher rating categories) in the managers ratings. This is significant from an organisational perspective because of the multiple uses of performance ratings in organisations. Often, performance ratings are the criterion on which selection tests are validated and often provide the basis on which merit pay increases are determined. According to Davis and Mount, improving the psychometric quality of the ratings may enable the tests to be validated more effectively and provide a more equitable method for distributing pay increases — an important consideration, as previously discussed. Conforming to Guidelines Obviously, in addition to the other factors which have already been discussed, another practical consideration which must be taken into account is that any performance appraisal system, regardless of the methods employed, must comply with all Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines. While a complete discussion of this important area is beyond the scope Feedback Regarding Effectiveness It is surprising how infrequently organisations provide their managers with information about their performance appraisal ratings. However, providing of this article, the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures, put together by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and several other agencies in 1978, deserve special mention. These procedures were meant to clarify the exact requirements which appraisal and other selection systems must meet, and include the following points: (1) To continue using an appraisal system that has adversely affected one or more protected groups, the company must demonstrate that the system is valid, that it is job related, and that it accurately measures significant aspects of job performance. (2) The company must establish that there is no other available method of achieving the same necessary business purpose that would be less discriminatory in its effects, and none can be developed. According to the courts, the plaintiff (employee), rather than the defendant (company) must show the availability of the alternatives. The EEOC has told employers what they cannot do, but it has not provided them with definitive guidelines for solving the performance appraisal puzzle. However, some help in this regard was provided in the Autumn, 1980 issue of EEO Today[8]. (1) Base your appraisal on a comprehensive job analysis. EEOC guidelines dictate that you measure job performance against specific, clearly defined standards of performance. The performance you appraise, says the EEOC, must represent major critical work behaviours as revealed by a careful job analysis. Without a clear, written statement of job responsibilities, you increase your risk of EEO liability. (7) Submit the appraisal to several reviewers, especially if it is negative. To prevent conscious or unconscious bias from creeping into the appraisal process, develop a multilevel review system. Have your superior review and sign the appraisal. This system of checks and balances will reduce the risk of losing a court action. Final Comment As can be seen from the foregoing discussion, an effective performance appraisal system involves much more than a mere annual or biennial evaluation of an employees past performance. Nonetheless, astute managers are becoming increasingly aware of the value of their human resources, viewing them as an investment rather than merely an expense or overhead to be minimised. Accordingly, many organisations are taking the time and effort necessary to develop an effective performance appraisal system in order to help their people achieve their personal goals, which in turn allows the organisation to meet its own objectives[9]. Unfortunately, many managers still object that they just do not have the time to make performance review and development an ongoing process. However, if management is defined as the ability to get things done through people, and if we accept the fact that an effective performance evaluation process helps in getting the most important and productive things accomplished, then what else should managers spend their time doing? References 1. Fletcher, C. , Whats New in Performance Appraisal? , Personnel Management, February 1984, pp. 20-2. 2. Taylor, R. L. and Zawacki, R. A. Trends in Performance Appraisal: Guidelines for Managers, Personnel Administrator, March 1984, pp. 71-80. (2) Know the details of your companys 3. Harper, S. C. , A Development Approach to Performance nondiscriminatory policies. You and every other Appraisal, Business Horizons, September-October 1983, pp. manager in the company should aim for the 68-74. uniform application of all appraisal guidelines. 4. Mellenhoff, H ow to Measure Work by Professionals, Management Review, November 1977, pp. 39-43. (3) Avoid subjective criteria. According to the Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody decision, subjective 5. Richards, R. C. , How to Design an Objective PerformanceEvaluation System, Training, March 1984, pp. 38-43. supervisory appraisals of job performance are 6. Kellogg, M. S. , What to do About Performance Appraisal, inherently suspect if they produce adverse impact American Management Association, New York, 1975. against a protected group. To stand up to the 7. Davis, B. L. and Mount, M. K. , Design and Use of a scrutiny of the courts, these judgements must Performance Appraisal Feedback System, Personnel be considered fair and job-related. Administrator, March 1984, pp. 1-7. 8. Block, J. R. , Performance Appraisal on the Job: Making it (4) Document! Keep records. That is the only way Work, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1981. you can support whatever subjective judge ­ 9. Butler, R. J. and Yorks, L. , A New Appraisal System as ments creep into the appraisal process. (They Organizational Change: GEs Task Force Approach, are inevitabl e. ) Personnel, January-February 1984, pp. 31-42. (5) Aim for a group of appraisers who have common demographic characteristics with the group being appraised. This criterion was established in Rowe v. General Motors. When only white males appraise blacks, Hispanics, women and other protected groups, the courts question the fairness of the. system. Once a system is challenged and shown to have adverse impact, the company must prove its validity. (6) Never directly or indirectly imply that race, colour, religion, sex, age, national origin, handicap, or veteran status was a factor in your appraisal decision. Making any disciminatory statement, orally or in writing, will make your organisation subject to court action. Additional Reading Kaye, B. L. and Krantz, S. , Preparing Employees: The Missing Link in Performance Appraisal Training, Personnel, May-June 1982, pp. 23-9. Performance Appraisal: Curre. Practices and Techniques, Personnel, May-June 1984, pp. 5799. Heneman, R. L. and Wexley, K. W. , The Effects of Time Delay in Rating and Amount of Information Observed on Performance Rating Accuracy, Academy of Management Journal, December 1983, pp. 677-86. The Trouble with Performance Appraisal, Training, April 1984, pp. 91-2. Gehrman, D B. , Beyond Todays Compensation and Performance Appraisal Systems, Personnel Administrator, March 1984, pp. 21-33. IMDS January/February 1988 17

Performance Appraisal and Starbucks free essay sample

I am going to discuss what kind of performance appraisal strategies Starbucks uses, and if they seem to be effective or ineffective, and why. Then I will discuss what other performance appraisal methods are being used by Starbucks today and if they are effective. Finally I will tell you what kind of advice I would offer to Starbucks. First I will discuss what kind of performance appraisals Starbucks uses and if there effective. Starbucks Appraisals: Starbucks starts off their employees with training. A process for identifying, evaluating and developing the job performance of staff so that organizational goals and objectives are more effectively achieved while simultaneously benefiting staff through recognition, the giving of feedback and catering for work and career needs (2). This is very effective because the employees know exactly what is expected of them form the very beginning. However, Starbucks must be sensitive to the performance appraisal, and compensation techniques that best fit the country in which they are operating. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Appraisal and Starbucks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Supervisors and employees fear the performance appraisal because even a good rating can come across as mediocre to employees, especially with terms like meets expectations, satisfactory performance or average (1). At YMCA the leaders increased the coaching their managers on performance reviews and on how to give consistent feedback throughout the year (1). No matter what your job is consistent feedback will let employees know how they are performing and let them know the areas they need to improve in. Now I will discuss what other performance appraisal methods are being used by Starbucks today and if they are effective. Starbucks Other Performance Appraisals: Starbuck also uses their Mission Statement as a form of Performance Appraisal Overall, the aim of becoming a worldwide global brand. ‘’To inspire and nurture the human spirit-one person, or and one neighborhood at a time (2). † Starbuck also uses Key Results Are (KRA) to guide their employees. All partners at Starbucks are given the performance standards, code of conduct, ethic standards, key result area, laws, rules and regulations (2). This process is communicated and a copy is given at the introduction of the employment and updated through partners meetings or memos. Partners are also encouraged to check notice boards and Starbucks website for any information they want. Every partner employed at Starbucks including the board of directors live under same code and contains the specific corporate policies adopted by? the board of directors that relate to the legal and ethical standards of contact of directors, partners and franchises of the company (2). The code can be changed in order to help the partners who out depend on the country they are employed in and what the countries laws, roles, culture backgrounds and current states of the country (2). This KRA, code of conduct, and performance appraisals are vital in ensuring Starbucks employees stay on track and focused on the Mission Statement. Now, that I have discussed what other methods are being used by Starbucks today, I will discuss what advice I would give them. Advice: The advice I would give Starbuck is keep on doing what you are doing. Stay focused on your customer and employees. Starbucks has an excellent HRM policy in place and they have the one of the lowest turn over rates among other stores. Conclusion: I discussed what kind of performance appraisal strategies Starbucks uses, and told you they seem to be effective.

Anthrax Vaccination Program Essays - Vaccines, Anthrax, Free Essays

Anthrax Vaccination Program Essays - Vaccines, Anthrax, Free Essays Anthrax Vaccination Program On May 18, 1998, Secretary of Defense William Cohen approved a plan to vaccinate all U.S. service members for anthrax. This plan has caused a fierce ethical debate over the legitimacy of this vaccination. The Department of Defense claims the vaccination is completely safe and has been in use for decades. Some doctors dispute this claim, and contend the vaccination may not be effective against weapon versions of anthrax. Many service members have refused the vaccination and have either separated or faced formal punishment for their decision. The Bioport Corporation of Lansing Michigan is the only company that produces the anthrax vaccine. According to a Phoenix Times article, the original Bioport plant had to be demolished due to quality control problems. A new plant was built, but it also failed FDA inspections in December of 1999. Subsequently, the process of administering the vaccination to all service members has been suspended. The vaccination is currently administered only to personnel deploying to high threat areas of the world. The Joint Staff has designated Korea, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen, and Israel as high-threat areas. The immunization is administered in a series of six shots over an eighteen-month period, with annual boosters. The following analysis will contain a brief discussion about both sides of this issue. To understand why the Department of Defense feels it is essential to take such precautions, it is first necessary to have some understanding of what anthrax is. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia defines anthrax as a contagious disease of warm-blooded animals, including humans, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. There are three types of anthrax diseases. The first is cutaneous anthrax, which is caused by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The second type is gastrointestinal anthrax, which is caused by ingestion of contaminated meat. The last type is inhalation anthrax, which is the type used in biological weapons. It is caused by the inhalation of anthrax spores and it is the most deadly type of the disease. One of the most effective defenses against inhaling the deadly spores is a properly worn gas mask. The DOD fears that by the time an attack is detected, it will be too late to don protective clothing. Theory suggests that immunization may be the o nly chance of surviving an attack. With so many biological weapons in production, one may wonder why bother with a vaccination that is only going to protect personnel against one type of weapon. The DOD feels that anthrax spores are the top choice in biological weapons for germ warfare. They say it is one of the most effective biological weapons because it is almost always deadly if not treated early. In addition, it is relatively simple to manufacture in large quantities with only a basic knowledge of biology. The spores can be stored for long periods with no deterioration, and it can be delivered easily using missiles, rockets, artillery, bombs or sprayers. Once the weapon has been dispersed, there are virtually no indications of exposure. The vapor is odorless, colorless, taste-free and leaves no cloud. DOD claims there is no effective treatment once exposure has occurred. They suggest antibiotics will suppress infection, but only if they are administered within 48 hours of exposure. They also claim unprotected ind ividuals have a 99% chance of death after exposure. The Secretary of Defense has stated that it would be derelict l to send troops into one of the high threat areas without this vaccination. Other senior officers have frequently used the analogy It would be like sending troops into harms way without a helmet or flack vest. This theory brings up a question about whether the vaccination is safe and effective. DODs point of view suggests the vaccine is safe and will work. Their anthrax web site uses the reasoning that we already receive vaccines to protect against typhoid, yellow fever and many other diseases, so it makes sense to protect ourselves against this killing disease which can be used as a weapon. The vaccine was developed for human use in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in 1970. DOD states that it has been routinely administered to

USS Nebraska (BB-14) in the Great White Fleet

USS Nebraska (BB-14) in the Great White Fleet USS Nebraska (BB-14) - Overview: Nation: United States Type: Battleship Shipyard: Moran Brothers, Seattle, WA Laid Down: July 4, 1902 Launched: October 7, 1904 Commissioned: July 1, 1907 Fate: Sold for Scrap, 1923 USS Nebraska (BB-14) - Specifications: Displacement: 16,094 tons Length: 441 ft., 3 in. Beam: 76 ft., 2 in. Draft: 25 ft., 10 in. Propulsion: 12 Ãâ€" Babcock boilers, 2 Ãâ€" triple-expansion engines, 2 Ãâ€" propellers Speed: 19 knots Complement: 1,108 men Armament: 4 Ãâ€" 12 in./40 cal guns8 Ãâ€" 8 in./45 cal guns12 Ãâ€" 6-inch guns11 Ãâ€" 3-inch guns24 Ãâ€" 1 pdr guns4 Ãâ€" 0.30 in. machine guns4 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes USS Nebraska (BB-13) - Design Construction: Laid down in 1901 and 1902, the five battleships of the Virginia-class were meant as successors to the Maine-class (USS Maine, USS Missouri, and USS Ohio) which was then entering service. Though conceived as the US Navys latest design, the new battleships saw a return to some features that had not been employed since the earlier Kearsarge-class (USS Kearsarge and USS ). These included the use of 8-in. guns as a secondary armament and the locating of two 8-in. turrets on top of the vessels 12-in. turrets. Supplementing the Virginia-class main battery of four 12 in. guns were eight 8-in., twelve 6-in., twelve 3-in., and twenty-four 1-pdr guns. In a shift from previous classes of battleships, the new design utilized Krupp armor instead of the Harvey armor that had been placed on earlier vessels. Propulsion for the Virginia-class came from twelve Babcock boilers which powered two vertical inverted triple expansion reciprocating steam engines. The second ship of the class, USS Nebraska (BB-14) was laid down at Moran Brothers in Seattle, WA on July 4, 1902. Work on the hull moved forward over the next two years and on October 7, 1904, it slid down the ways with Mary N. Mickey, daughter of Nebraska Governor John H. Mickey, serving as sponsor. Another two and a half years passed before construction on Nebraska ended. Commissioned on July 1, 1907, Captain Reginald F. Nicholson took command. The next several months saw the new battleship conduct its shakedown cruise and trials on the West Coast. Completing these, it re-entered the yard for repairs and modifications before resuming operations in the Pacific. USS Nebraska (BB-14) - Great White Fleet: In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt became increasingly concerned about the US Navys lack of power in the Pacific due to the growing threat posed by Japan. To impress upon the Japanese that the United States could move its battle fleet to the Pacific with ease, he began planning a world cruise of the nations battleships. Designated the Great White Fleet, the Atlantic Fleets battleships steamed from Hampton Roads on December 16, 1907. The fleet then moved south making visits in Brazil before passing through the Straits of Magellan. Steering north, the fleet, led by Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, arrived at San Francisco on May 6. While there, a decision was made to detach USS (BB-8) and Maine due to their abnormally high coal consumption. In their place, USS (BB-9) and Nebraska were assigned to the fleet, now led by Rear Admiral Charles Sperry. Assigned to the fleets Second Division, First Squadron, this group also contained Nebraskas sister ships USS Georgia (BB-15), USS (BB-16), and USS (BB-17). Departing the West Coast, the battleship and it consorts transited the Pacific to Hawaii before reaching New Zealand and Australia in August. After taking part in festive port calls, the fleet steered north for the Philippines, Japan, and China. Finishing visits in these countries, the American battleships crossed the Indian Ocean before passing through the Suez Canal and entering the Mediterranean. Here the fleet split to make visits in several nations. Moving west, Nebraska called at Messina and Naples before rejoining the fleet at Gibraltar. Crossing the Atlantic, the battleship arrived at Hampton Roads on February 22, 1909, where it was greeted by Roosevelt. Having completed its world cruise, Nebraska underwent brief repairs and had a cage foremast installed before rejoining the Atlantic Fleet. USS Nebraska (BB-14) - Later Service: Attending Fulton-Hudson Celebration in New York later in 1909, Nebraska entered the yard the following spring and received a second cage mast aft. Resuming active duty, the battleship took part in the Louisiana Centennial in 1912. As tensions increased with Mexico, Nebraska moved to aid American operations in that area. In 1914, it supported the US occupation of Veracruz. Performing well in this mission during 1914 and 1916, Nebraska was awarded the Mexican Service Medal. Obsolete by modern standards, the battleship returned to the United States and was placed in reserve. With the countrys entrance into World War I in April 1917, Nebraska returned to active duty. At Boston when hostilities commenced, Nebraska joined the 3rd Division, Battleship Force, Atlantic Fleet. For the next year, the battleship operated along the East Coast training armed guard crews for merchant vessels and conducting maneuvers. On May 16, 1918, Nebraska embarked the body Carlos DePena, the late ambassador of Uruguay, for transport home. After arriving in Montevideo on June 10, the ambassadors body was transferred to the Uruguayan government. Returning home, Nebraska reached Hampton Roads on July and began preparing to serve as a convoy escort. On September 17, the battleship departed to escort its first convoy across the Atlantic. It completed two similar missions before the wars end in November. Refitting in December, Nebraska was converted into a temporary troopship to assist in bringing American soldiers back from Europe. Conducting four voyages to and from Brest, France, the battleship transported 4,540 men home. Completing this duty in June 1919, Nebraska departed for service with the Pacific Fleet. It operated along the West Coast for the next year until being decommissioned on July 2, 1920. Placed in reserve, Nebraska was rendered incapable of war service following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty. In late 1923, the aging battleship was sold for scrap. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Nebraska (BB-14)NHHC: USS Nebraska (BB-14)NavSource: USS Nebraska (BB-14)

The mechanism of ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in man Essay

The mechanism of ethanol induced hepatotoxicity in man - Essay Example Alcohol damages liver as a dose-dependent hepatotoxin (Maddrey 2004). The damage is mainly due to the by-products of metabolism. After absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, alcohol undergoes oxidation in the liver. The first step in the oxidation is conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde and this is catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. During this process, NADH (NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is released. The acetaldehyde is further oxidized to acetic acid which then enters the citric acid cycle and metabolized to carbondioxide and water. NADH is used up in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid, in the synthesis of lipids and in the electron transport chain (Paton 2005). Most of the damage to cells caused by ethanol is due to acetaldehyde and NADH. Acetaldehyde causes damage due to immune response and increased NADH causes altered NADH/NAD ratio leading to increased oxygen consumption and hypermetabolic state (Tome 2004). During the initial stages of excessive alcohol consumption, fat deposition occurs in the liver. When fat deposition occurs without any evidence of cell inflammation, it is usually reversible and benign (Maddrey 2004). However, gradually cell inflammation occurs resulting in liver necrosis and fibrosis. Acute fatty liver is caused by increased uptake of plasma-free fattyacids which are released secondary to enhanced blood flow in the liver, activation of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and hypermobilization of adipose-tissue fat (Badawy 1980). The increase in hepatic blood flow is secondary to the direct stimulatory effect of alcohol on the adrenal and pituitary axis (Ismail 2006). Chronic fatty liver occurs due to chronic ingestion of alcohol which inhibits fatty acid oxidation in the liver. There is also release of very low-density lipoprotein into the blood. As consumption of alcohol continues and increases, hypoxia ensues and there is shift in lipid metabolism leading to decreased energy stores.

Strawberries Attributes and Promotion Strategies Research Paper

Strawberries Attributes and Promotion Strategies - Research Paper Example What image do you currently have in regards to strawberries? What are the positive and negative aspects of this image? 2. What features or attributes do you consider when choosing whether to purchase strawberries and why these features? 3. In what situations do people eat strawberries? 4. Why do you think some people do not purchase strawberries? What then would motivate them to purchase strawberries? 5. Are people willingly ready to purchase a punnet of strawberries? Do you always buy in punnets? And how often? 6. What values do you have in regards to eating strawberries? Do you think these values can attract other customers to eat strawberries? Respondent one I love strawberries. They are sweet and healthy for the body. My children love them also. Otherwise people do not eat the fruit because of the organic foods being introduced all over. The attributes I look for I the oduor of the fruit and its size. The fruit should have a sweet aroma and should be just ripe. I often buy berrie s that also well packaged by the local industries. People tend more often to eat strawberries during picnics and as a fruit at home. I always carry some during picnics. Some people tend to have different desires for fruits. I think some just dislike the fruit, the price is not consumer friendly or they eat it in other form like wines and jams. I think it is wise to create awareness of benefits of eating the fresh whole fruit in matters of health. Otherwise advertising would go a long way in achieving this and free samples. People always purchase punnets of berries. Personally I do that all the time. I value the health benefits of this fruit. Research has shown that it helps in fighting cancer and has a lot of nutrients. I think people should be made aware of this value. I believe it can change the whole outlook of strawberries. Respondent two I do eat strawberries as a fruit. I however, prefer other types of fruits. The strawberries are quite expensive compare to maybe eating a bana na. I look for big bunches that are freshly packaged; Plus of course the price of the entire package. People eating strawberries anytime at work, leisure, breakfast. Personally I eat them over lunch time. I think they don’t like the fruit otherwise the price is not as high as to discourage consumption. Otherwise with the issue of inorganic and organic foods they may also have had an issue. To motivate them to buy, promotions with free samples etc. should be done. People always buy punnets of strawberries. I value the fresh fruit in matters of nutrient content plus it is a good way to maintain weight. Respondent three I love strawberries because they are good for my health. I always smell the fruit; I read the package plus am very conscious regards to inorganic fruits. I prefer locally produced. During picnics, breakfast, lunchtime. People do not always purchase them because they do not understand the benefits of strawberries. Irregardless of the price I think the benefits out weigh the cost. People always buy them in punnets. I do that every day. I value the health benefits plus the taste of the strawberries. They look so good and taste so good. Health promotion should be done in regards to strawberries. Respondent four Strawberries are just fruits like any other fruit. I don’t consume it so often because of the upcoming brands of inorganic foods in the market. I check for locally produced strawberries that are fresh. During

America a Country Made by Africans :: essays papers

America a Country Made by Africans The development of Colonial America was based on the fundamental of slavery. Without the labor power of the first African/ Americans the existence of America would be incomprehensible. Countryman's statement, " Their story is "no exception" to what was otherwise a tale of success- it is absolutely fundamental to the history of colonial America." Countryman's statement is in fact correct. This country is was found upon the backbone of African Americans it is evident in the three essays of Countryman's book " How Did American Slavery Begin?" The three essays, which support Countryman's bold statement, are "Ancestry of Inferiority" by A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. "Gullah Roots" by Margaret Washington "Slavery and Freedom" by Edmund Morgan These essays specifically explain how the African Americans helped our founding fathers build this country physically economically and politically When the first African American set foot on this land he was here for one purpose and that was to serve someone, but that was also the same with a Caucasian American. Even though both black and white were treated the same it was obvious that being black was a disadvantage, 'sin'. Englishmen at that time believed that the color black was considered as "the handmaid of and symbol of baseness and evil†¦" (pg.88). Each servant when coming to America was to serve a master for a certain amount of years. The white servants served the masters for seven years because it was written in their contract which was made in England, but since the blacks came from Africa and had no sort of contract they were kept longer as servants (pg.88). This I believe is the bases for slavery, the more labors they had the more work could be done on plantation making more money. This is the physical part of the, which was built by Africans. The absolute economic success of this country was built on the back of an African American. Blacks were the actually labors and engineers who matched the amount of the world's demand on goods produced in America such as rice, indigo, tobacco, and cotton (pg.75). Certain blacks on the coasts of Guinea were adopted due to the fact they knew how to already ingeniously harvest rice and indigo (pg.73). This Coast became know as 'The Gold Coast'. This though was not the main reason for African Americans to be a major portion of the American labor system.

Fashion Conscious Creme

These are lines often heard in the fashion conscious creme de la creme of Indian society. The story is the same in almost any commercially ‘happening’ city in the world except that the names of the designers keep changing. This does not mean that the national designers have not made a dent in the world market! The Indian fashion world got global attention after Miss Sushmita Sen and Miss Aishwarya Rai won the much coveted Miss Universe and Miss World titles respectively in 1994. Critics look upon these victories as a multinational conspiracy to promote European and American products in post-liberalisation global India.But the reality of the Indian fashion world having made a name for herself cannot be denied. ‘Fashion’ refers to that which is in vogue. It is usually related to one’s dress sense and personality traits. In today’s global village, everything from the colour of your hair to the designer brand of your shoes is a part of your fashion statement. There is a natural desire in all of us to look good and our fashion sense essentially roots from there. This desire to look good is a primal instinct and should be respected because looking good is feeling good.The appearance factor also plays a very important role in the job sector because a good look obviates a sense of refinement and culture and communicates the right kind of values in one’s upbringing. The modem obsession with designer products sold at ludicrous prices, however, beats understanding. Some young man with multiple partings in his spiked hair sporting a loud T-shirt with torn jeans in perfect ‘harmony’ with the pierced eyebrows, nose, lip and navel is not sporting any attitude; he is simply epitomising the fall of man to a level of vulgarity which is worse than bestial. Fashion should not be confused with arrogance or impudent disrespect for traditional norms and the values of our seniors. Fashion â€Å"The Craze Among Youth†.E very person is fashion conscious. Fashion is very popular among the school boys and girls. They do it in a competitive spirit to look smart, up-to-date  and attractive. Students like actors and actresses. Some of them see a film to copy the latest fashion. It is mostly the college students who look upon fashion as the very stuff of their conscience. Being fashionable is the only real passport to high society and popularity in the college. Students put on expensive and fascinating clothes of the latest cut, color and design. The students spend a lot of money on clothes and other things in life for sake of variety.They do not realize that they are wasting their precious time and energy in this effort. In addition, they waste the hard-earned money of their parents. Students have become crazy after fashion. But this is all being done at the cost of their studies. They are wasting the precious time of their life. Sometimes, poor parents are burdened with fashion bills. 853 Words Free S ample Essay on FashionThus, every one should try to have some leisure and make the best use of it by taking to some good hobby or the other. Great caution should be exercised; in choosing a hobby. We should choose a hobby which recoups our energy and provides relaxation and recreation. Young people all over the world are becoming more and more fashion conscious. Young students, whether boys or girls, are crazy about it they want to look smart and beautiful by wearing dresses of the latest designs.In order to boost the sales of their dresses, leading cloth mills and dress ¬making firms engage reputed fashion designers and beautiful models. Fashion parades and shows are held in big five star hotels to exhibit the latest dresses. Fashion is no longer the monopoly of women. Even men have great fancy for it. In fact, the latest uni-sex dresses like shirts and jeans can be worn both by the girls and the boys. Today, the biggest centers of the latest fashions in the world are Paris,†¦

Contract Law Advice Style Answer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3139 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Level High school Tags: Contract Law Essay Did you like this example? Arron and Tracy have entered into three different types of contracts. Firstly, there is a contract for sale of goods between Tracy and HAL[1] for the purchase of the coffee machine. Secondly, there is a contract for service among Arron and Matthew for the decoration of the hallway. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contract Law Advice Style Answer" essay for you Create order Then, there is a contract for sale of description between the Arron and the dog-seller for the purchase of dog. The contracts appeared to be consumer contracts, since they satisfied the requirements established under the Unfair Contract Terms Act[2]. Section 12[3] states that a person dealing under a consumer contract is when one party performed in the course of a business and not the other party. Moreover, the goods in consideration must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"of a type ordinarily supplied for private useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[4] Section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act[5]states that for a consumer contract to exist there must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a money considerationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In application, it is clear that Arron and Tracy are consumers, which are not acting in the course of the business, but we cannot say the same for the other parties. In the cases of Stevenson[6] and R B Customs[7], the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in the course of a businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[8] is wisely explained, it i s clear that the other parties who contracted with them are included. THE LUXURY COFFEE MACHINE* The purchase of the luxury coffee falls under the implied terms of s. 14 SGA[9], which says that the goods supplied must be of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“satisfactory qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Under S.14 (2A)[10], the test is that of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a reasonable personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ would regard as satisfactory. Thus, when the coffee machine was bought no one will expect it to burn hands and to be unsafe (considering the criteria in s.14 (2B)[11] of the act. Here, it includes safety as per s.14 (2B) (d)[12]. Indeed, the General Product Safety Regulations 2005[13] has included electrical equipment as having a requirement to be safe, by being properly insulted. However, this is not the case when the coffee machine becomes too hot which is clearly unsafe. It is clear though that s.14[14] is in breached since the product supplied burnt hands by becoming too hot. Consequently, Tracy can return or ask for a refund of the price ( £150) and damages. Nevertheless, in order to entitle to this, it must be established that Tracy has not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“acceptedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the product. Otherwise, if it has taken place the remedy is damages only which will be under s.11 (4).[15] Furthermore, s.35 (4)[16] says that acceptance occurred when a buyer retain the goods for a certain period of time without intimating to the seller that she rejected it. The question of time had an extensive discussion about how long and what actually is a reasonable time. It was first established under the case of Bernstein[17], under which there was a maximum of 3 weeks. However, it was later replaced by Clegg[18] the actual law which provides a period of 7 months. In application, Tracy is visibly within the time limit, as she rejected the offer when she returns the coffee machine back to HAL. Furthermore, since Tracy paid the coffee machine with her credit card, she may have additional ri ghts under the Consumer Credit Act 1974[19]. In fact, she enters into a consumer credit agreement which is defined under s.8 (1)[20] as an agreement between an individual and the creditor by which the creditor provides the debtor with credit of any amount. In application, this is the case when Tracy paid the product with her credit card define as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"financial accommodationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under s.9[21]. It was a regulated consumer credit agreement under s.8 (3)[22] as it was not an exempt agreement. It also constitutes a restricted use, according to the situation in the problem as per s.11 (b)[23] and a running account as per s.10 (1) (a)[24].Consequently, as the product is purchase with a credit card, there is a D-C-S agreement under s.12 (b)[25]; debtor: Tracy, creditor: Barclaycard and the supplier: HAL .In such a case, where there is a faulty product, which is the case Tracy has a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"like claimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ against the credit card company under s.7 5[26]. HAL and the credit card company are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"jointly and severally liableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for the aforementioned breach of S.14 SGA[27]. Therefore, Tracy has a claim against both HAL and Barclaycard. Indeed, if the claim against the shop is unsuccessful, then she is entitled to use s.75 as a shield. Furthermore, even if Vicky is not a party to the contract she might have a claim against HAL since the privity of contract was overcome by the narrow rule of Lord Atkin in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson.[28] Despite the fact, that she could claim under negligence it will be best to sue under Consumer Protection Act[29] since there is a strict liability. Vicky might claim a civil liability under Part I of CPA[30] which covered damage or personal injury caused by the faulty products, when her arm is burn. The coffee machine is defective as per s.3, since no one will generally expect the coffee machine to become too hot and unsafe. Therefore, she will be able to sue f or damages. Moreover, there may be a potential criminal liability under Part II of CPA which covered damage caused by unsafe product. Certain goods need to satisfy the safety requirement under s.11 (1)[31]. Therefore, a failure to meet the safety regulations is a breach under s.12[32], but unless the product supply is unsafe which here is visibly the case. Additionally, HAL will try to rely on the exclusion clause. In order to be effective, the clause needs to satisfy certain legal rules. When Tracy went to return the coffee machine, she was pointed a notice which states à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Sale items cannot be returnedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Applying the case of Olley[33], which established that for a notice to be incorporated it need to be before or at the time of the contract. Since, Tracy could not remember having seen the notice before; it is very likely that there clause was not incorporated. Even if the clause was valid, it will not make a difference because s6 (1) UCTA states tha t liability in consumer contract for breach of s.14[34] cannot be excluded. MATTHEW, THE DECORATOR* The contract between Arron and Matthew is governed by the Supply of Goods and Services 1982[35] since the substance of the contract is based on services. The SGSA[36] consist of two parts; Part 1 consists of the quality of goods supplied under the contract for the services and Part 2 is about the supply of services Under Part 1, there is an implied term that goods supplied on the part of the act to be of satisfactory quality and fit for purpose under s.4. This section mirror the provisions contain within s.14 (2A) and (2B) of SGA[37]. It should be noted that there is no provision equivalent to s11 (4) and s.35. Therefore, generally when Arron buys the wallpaper guaranteed to last 10 years he will expect the product to be of satisfactory quality and to durable as per the other relevant circumstances under s.4 (2A)[38] which mirror the provision of s.14 (2B) (e)[39]. But this w as not the case when the wallpaper falls off the wall after six weeks. Unlike Part 1, which implied term concern the goods, Part 2 implies following terms concerning the supply of services. Contrarily, to Part 1 it is possible to exclude liability, under s.11 UCTA for breach under the service part of the contract. A contract for supply of services is defined under s12[40] as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a contract under which a person (the supplier) agrees to carry out a service.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Under Part 2 there is an implied term under s.13[41] that the services provided by the supplier will be carried out within a reasonable care and skill. It should be noted that s.13 implies generally accepted to be innominate term as in Hong Kong Fir[42] by depriving the innocent party of the whole benefit of the contract. This is clearly the case here when à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the wallpaper fall off.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Applying Nettleship v Weston[43], there is no defence even if the person claims to have to their incompetent best. Under, Bolam[44] if the skilled conforms within the standard required is of a reasonable competent member of the relevant trade, he will not be liable due to others different views. As established in Philips[45] , the services must be carried out with such a care as within the capacity of his degree of experience which he claimed to have .He must have a level of skill of such specialist which he holds to Arron as in Grieves.[46]Therefore, when Arron employed Matthew, he expected the work to be done with a reasonable care and skill and not be fall off within six weeks. Clearly s.4[47] and s.13[48] are in breached. Consequently, Arron will be able to ask for damages since rejection will be impossible. The claim for recovery of damages is for the poor service or poor quality of materials used in the contract term, it includes actual damages for the failure of wallpaper which has not be achieved it result by holding on the wall and consequential damages for the money which Arron will have to expense to repair the breach. In order to entitle to this, Arron must have taken reasonable steps to mitigate his loss suffered, which require acceptance of offer from the defendant to rectify the matter, like under the case of Payzu.[49]It is clear that mitigation of loss had occurred when Arron suggested to Matthew that he should properly do the work again. Hence, Arron will be able to recover for the damages since he gives the opportunity to Matthew to redo the work properly. Additionally, Matthew tried to rely on the exclusion clause, when Arron tells him that he should properly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"redoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ the work. An exclusion clause is used by a party in order to restrict or limit liability in an event of a breach of contract or any other specified circumstances. But, for it to be effective three legal conditions need to be consider; the common law, the UCTA and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999[50]. Und er the common law, the clause must be incorporated and constructed. According to the scenario, the clause was incorporated by an express agreement since there is not enough information to state that a contract was signed between the parties. Therefore, it is very likely that the clause was incorporated. As for the construction of the clause, it must be established that in interpretation of the contract the clause cover the breach which has occurred. In application, the clause is constructed in a plain language but it does not cover the breach. Hereafter, the clause might not be hold as constructive by court. In addition, the statutory controls need to be considered. The legislation for exclusion clauses is governed by the provision under UCTA and UTCCR. The UCTA was created in order to protect the weaker party, for example the consumer. Under s.11(1), the reasonableness test need to be consider, under which the term must be fair and reasonable by including all circumstances à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]which were or ought reasonable to have be known[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[51]. In the problem question, it is clear that the terms are not fair and reasonable since Matthew restricted the term of the contract for his own benefit and not for Arron (the consumer). He excluded all extra cost and loss arising out of the decorating services. The UTCCR will not be applicable due to lack of information about the presence of a contractual term or a standard form. Even if the exclusion clause is valid s.7[52]states that liability for consumer contracts for breach of s4 and s13 cannot be excluded. However, this liability can be excluded if satisfies the requirement of the reasonableness which is visibly not the case here. Arron might have a criminal liability against the producer for the commercial practices of the wallpaper through television advertising. The liability will be under Schedule 1 of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulation s 2008[53]which replaced some consumer protection legislation; like CPA Part 3 or even the TDA[54]. He can claim liability for misleading actions under Regulation 5. It occurs when a misleading information lead the average consumer to make a decisive reason to enter the contract. In application, it is clear that it is the 10 years old guarantee, which encourages Arron to buy this specific paper. This commercial practice clearly distinguished the product from the competitor (para.3 (a) of reg.5), was obviously a main characteristic of the product (para.4 (b) of reg.5) which makes him make a decisive decision in buying this product rather than the others. PUPPIES* The buying of pedigree dog is governed by the SGA. However, the effect of the statement must first be drawn, by stating whether it is a puff, a representation, a term or a sale by description. The difference between these statements will be established. A puff is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"mere boast or unsubstantiated claimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which are used by advertisers for their products and services .An example is the case of Carlill[55]. Representations or contractual term are statements made in course of negotiation for a contract. While, a term of contract define as outcome to pre-contractual negotiation between parties can be distinct in two types; implied and express. It could also be a sale by description under s.13 which implied term is that the goods must à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"correspondà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to the words used for the description of the goods. In application, it is clear that is a sale by description where the adverts states that the dogs are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pedigree dogsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"friendly temperatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. S.13 is breached as the description is inaccurate and that the dogs are crossbreeds, aggressive and snappy. There is a strict liability under s.13 and the remedy, will allow Arron to reject the good and receive damages. Next, Arron has pa id the pedigree dog with his credit card; he may have a claim under CCA. Under the CCA, a D-C-S agreement is established, under s12 (b) consisting of the debtor; Arron, the creditor; the credit card company (Barclaycard) and the supplier (the dog-seller). It may be that has a claim under s.75 where the creditor is jointly and severally liable with the supplier for the supplier misrepresentation and for breach of s.13 SGA. If, the claim is not successful under SGA against the supplier, Arron will be to use s.75 as a shield. Criminal liability is regulated by the regulation 5[56] for the false information which deceived the consumers. The false statement of the advert may lead to a criminal offence under reg.5 CPUTR which prohibits false information to be applied on goods. S.2 (2) (a), states that goods includes the descriptions and details of animals as per there à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sex, breed or cross [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[57].Under s.3 (1)[58] explains the term of à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã…“false to a material degreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In application, it is clear that the advert the newspaper is a material degree and that there is a breached of Reg 5. 2515 Word Count*(Excluding titles) Bibliography Primary Sources Cases: Bolam v Friern Hospital Management [1957] 1 WLR 582 Bernstein v Pamson Motors [1987] RTR 384 Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Grieves Co Baynham [1975] 1 WLR 109 Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] EWCA Civ 7 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 AII ER 127 Payzu Ltd. V Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 Philips v William Whitely Ltd [1938] AII ER 566 RB Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321 Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 Statutes and statutory instruments: Trade Description Act 1968 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 Sale of Goods Act 1979 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 Consumer Protection Act 1987 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulation 1999 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 Secondary Sources Books: Nicholas Ryder, Margaret Griffiths, Lachmi Singh, Commercial Law (Principles and Policy), (First published 2012,Cambrige) Michael Furmston and Jason Chuah, Commercial Law,(2th edn, Pearson 2013) Chris Turner, UNLOCKING CONTRACT LAW,(First published 2004,Hodder Stoughton) Chapters in Books: Michael Furmston and Jason Chuah, Chapter 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sale of Goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢: 4.8 Defective goods, Commercial Law,(2th edn, Pearson 2013) pg. 192-201 Chris Turner, Chapter 6 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Obligations under a Contract : Term 6.1.2: Types of representation and their consequences, UNLOCKING CONTRACT LAW,(First published 2004,Hodder Stoughton) pg. 111-116 Websites and Blogs: Which? Consumer Right à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2014) https://www.which.co.uk/consumer-rights/regulation/supply-of-goods-and-services-act-1982accessed on 19 March 2014 Financial Ombudsman Service , oombudsman news  » issue 31  » credit cards equal liability under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (sep 2003) https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/publications/ombudsman-news/31/creditcards-31.htm accessed on 25 March 2014 FindLaw UK, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Your rights under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/consumer/consumer_credit/500520.html accessed on 02 April 2014 BBC one Watchdog, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Supply of Servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(2014) https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mg74/features/consumer-law-supply-of-services accessed on 06 April 2014 Out-Law.com, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Product liability under the Consumer Protection Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (last update 2011) https://www.out-law.com/en/topics/commercial/supply-of-goods-and-services/product-liability-under-the-consumer-protection-act/ accessed on 09 April 2014 [1] Home Appliances Ltd [2] Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977; UCTA [3] Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [4] Section.12(1)(c) Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [5] Sale of Goods Act 1979;SGA [6] Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 [7] RB Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321 [8] Section 12 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [9] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [10] Section 14 (2A) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [11] Section 14 (2 B) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [12] Section 14 (2B) (d) Sale of Goods [13] General Product Safety Regulations 2005;GPSR [14] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [15] Section 11 (4) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [16] Section 35 (4) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [17] Bernstein v Pamson Motors [1987] RTR 384 [18] Clegg v Anderson [2003] EWCA Civ 1002 [19] Consumer Credit Act 1974;CCA [20] Section 8 (1) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [21] Section 9 Consumer Credit Act 1974 [22] Section 8 (3) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [23] Section 11 (b) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [24] Section 10 (1)(a) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [25] Section 12 (b) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [26] Section 75 Consumer Credit Act 1974 [27] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [28] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [29] Consumer Protection Act 1987:CPA [30] Consumer Protection Act 1987 [31] Section 11 (1) Consumer Protection Act 1987 [32] Section 12 Consumer Protection Act 1987 [33] Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 ALL ER 127 [34] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [35] Supply of goods and Services Act 1982; SGSA [36] Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [37] Sale of Goods Act 1979 [38] Section 4 (2A) Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [39] Section 14(2B)(e) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [40] Section 12 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [41] Section 13 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [42] Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] EWCA Civ 7 [43] Nettleship v Weston [1962] 2 QB 691 [44] Bolam Fried Hospital Management [1957] 1 WLR 582 [45] Philips v William Whitely Ltd [1938] 1 ALL ER 566 [46] Grieves Co v Baynham [1975] QB 644 [47] Section 4 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [48] Section 13 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [49] Payzu Ltd v Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 [50] Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999; UTCCR [51] S.11(1) of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [52] Section 7 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [53] Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008; CPUTR [54] TDA:Trade Description Act 1968-largely repealed by CPUTR [55] Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 [56] Regulation 5 of Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 [57] Section 2(2)(a) of the Trade description Act 1968 [58] Section 3(1) of the Trade description Act 1968