Semantics Lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Semantics Lesson - Essay Example Within this view, facial expressions, sounds, body language, as well as proxemics, have semantic (significant) content, and each one encompasses various branches of study. Things such as punctuation and paragraph structure, in written language, have semantic content. Some of the main aspects of semantics include lexical competence and sociolinguistic competence (Dragon & Fair-Bumbray, 2007). This paper will create a semantics lesson plan focusing on lexical competence. Lexical competence or ability is a fancy linguistic word, which refers to the way language learners differentiate the disparity between words in a similar â€Å"family† (for instance a seat = stool, chair or bench). Semantics is significant because, in English, semantics (word meaning) is the key to unlocking understanding in words (Dragon & Fair-Bumbray, 2007). Also, in order for people to communicate, as well as comprehend, they must understand or be aware of the meaning of words. Secondly, they should know a bank of words from which to select from and finally they must know the strategies of supporting themselves in word retrieval. Semantics is significant because choosing the accurate words (or failure to) can have grave social and academic/professional consequences (Dragon & Fair-Bumbray, 2007). The old strategy that educators have been using in their semantics lessons is visualization or imagery. This, even though efficient, has not managed fully to assist students, especially those who lack full competence in English, understand meaning in words. This paper, therefore, advocates for a new strategy, Word Hierarchies or Graphic Organizers, which is easy to understand and practical when it comes to teaching semantics. The target grades for this lesson will be students from 5th to 8th grade. This is a comprehensive classroom setting which consists of 24 students (12 regular /8 special /8 ELL). Such a lesson would happen in a chain of mini-lessons using visualization to pass meaning thro ugh speaking and in writing, though the concepts might be used in any subject area where learners are projected to derive and/or express meaning with words. Students use their visualization abilities and apply them in learning a new strategy for conveying meaning, semantic mapping. Word hierarchies, in this lesson, will be used to scaffold students prior to their introduction of the approach of semantic mapping. The aims of this lesson are for learners to examine or inspect word families and arrange related words by intensity or degree. The standards recognized have a widespread thread, which learners apply while using language (Cruse, 1986). The anticipation is that when communicating, learners will choose words suitable for the audience and context, and also utilize strategies for generating, expanding, as well as retrieving vocabulary. The standards of this lesson include 6LD-Q3, 6LD-V10 and 8LD-O7. 6LD-Q3 will identify mood, tone or emotion expressed in oral communication. 6LD-V 10, on the other hand, will determine alternating word choices using thesauri, dictionaries or other resources. 8LD-O7 finally will distinguish and create informal and formal language suitable to the purpose and audience, including recognizing how to use words for specific effect. As a way of differentiating instruction to meet needs of different learners, this paper will advocate for metacognitive awareness and task strategies. Metacognitive aware

The English Parliament and the French Monarchy Essay Example for Free

The English Parliament and the French Monarchy Essay England and France both developed very different governmental systems during the sixteenth century. Great Britain created a governmental system on which there is little infringement upon the rights of the people, and there is a parliamentary government to keep the royal power in check. The French monarchy was the exact opposite. The monarchs ruled absolutely and controlled all the affairs that took place in the kingdom. Although the English and French of the sixteenth century evolved differently, their governments both generated great power and wealth. The English parliamentary system incorporated the ideal of a society where the people have the power. This in turn was backed by a powerful ruling class of nobles and royalty. This provided an efficient bureaucratic government that mirrors the Democratic-Republic system that is currently employed in America today. Resulting from no direct taxation, in exchange for the increase in price of royal services, the majority of the population did not have to pay exorbitant amounts to coexist in an environment with powerful figureheads. The wealth generated was then kept inside of the royalty resulting from the nobles requiring the royal services. The commoner peasant class was not constrained by the governments financial burdens. This lead to the rise in the lower classes economically, which led to better furnishings, diet, and extra capital. The extra money then was poured into the adventurous joint-stock companies which financed voyages to Africa, India, and China. This resulted in lucrative profits from the rare commodities. The governments investment in this industry also led to a large cash flow and an increase in prestige and power in its venture throughout the uncharted seas. The Absolute Monarchy of France took the idea of prestige and power to a new level. Taxation was placed upon sales, salt trade, and households. This generated huge new wealth for the French government. However, the French government consisted mainly of the Absolute Monarch and his cabinet. The power of the nobles was leeched from them as they sought entertainment and fine foods from the bottomless pockets of the court of the Absolute Monarch. Extravagant events that led to the decreased power of the nobles were brought to a whole new level as King Louis IX reigned. He is quoted as  saying I am the state, because of his absolute influence on the French government. Great power succumbed to this as he envisioned conquering both Spain and Germany. However, other nations stepped in to keep a balanced system of kingdoms within flourishing Europe. The English idea of the power of the people through parliament and no direct taxes was drastically different from the power strapped people of the French Absolute Monarchy. However, the English and French governments both proved very successful in accomplishing their goals of obtaining huge wealth and power through their radically different ruling systems.

The Perception Of Listening And Interpersonal Communication English Language Essay

The Perception Of Listening And Interpersonal Communication English Language Essay Listen up! Are people really listening? What is listening and why is it important? This paper will address the viewpoint of listening skills and its outcome. Listening is an essential tool, which is one of the constructive aspects in the communication process, for communicating with other people. To listen well is a talent that is learned. However, for people to listen effectively, they would need to practice to obtain the skill. As with any new skill, learning to listen takes effort, attention, and practice (Stewart, 2006, p. 202).Listening skills allow people to make sense of and understand what another person is saying. In other words, listening skills allow people to identify with the meaning of what other people are talking about. Listening skills is a skill that is a useful sensible approach for doing what is appropriate when it comes to communicating with other people. In todays society, listening has become a modern way of life since people are always listening to something, such as the television, the radio, or merely a conversation with family and friends. Stewart (2006) comments that about 45 percent of our day are spent on listening (p. 199). However, the attention span for some people needs improvement, especially if they are easily distracted. Consistency should be a concept of listening and the only way to make this happen is by practice. In other words, people can develop a habit to be able to communicate their knowledge of what the other person is talking about. For example, if a speaker talks about the need to improve various types of environmental issues in our society, the listener or receiver should be able to execute his or her listening skills to clarify what was addressed by questioning and summarizing the speakers theory. The following characterizations are based on listening skills: awareness, interpretation, and questioning. Although developing listening skills is a matter of choice, it is imperative everyone accomplish effective listening habits to avoid misunderstanding in all relationships. The first aspect of listening is to learn how to listen effectively. In todays society, communicating appropriately has everything to do with listening effectively. Learning to be a good listener will help improve all relationships both professionally and personally. If people do not know how to listen well, they can easily be distracted and their mind will start to wander. Since listening plays an essential role in the communication process, developing listening skills are important because they will help interpret what the speaker is saying during feedback. In other words, the listener should be able to respond to what the speaker talked about for clarification purposes. There are three types of listening strategies that would be beneficial to ensure effective communication with other people. Hybels and Weaver (2007) state that active listening, critical listening, and empathic listening are three different tactics that can be used in diverse situations (p. 92). For instance, critical listeners focal point is to listen with determination and an open mind. They need to recognize and expect to learn something new from the speaker and ask questions about their viewpoints, such as an election. Critical listeners analyze the statement of all the members involved to decide who to vote for. In other words, critical listeners need to try to understand the speakers speech before they evaluate the information. A second instance is that of empathic listeners. Their center of attention involves listening with emotion-they actually understand and can relate to how the speaker is feeling. I actually had an overwhelming experience concerning this specific aspect of effective listening. For example, after my husband passed away two years ago, I expressed my emotions with my mom often. My mom always listened with full attention to my tone of voice and other relevant signals, such as body language and facial expression-she was able to see and feel the message I was sharing about the ordeal I was going through. My mom listened patiently and shared the pain and love I had for my husband. Moreover, my mom could relate to the emotions I was feeling about the passing of my husband, since she experienced similar emotions when her mom passed away in 1990. In other words, empathic listeners attempt to imagine what the speaker had gone through. Consequently, empathic listeners usually lead the conversation to self-disclosure, which is when people tell each other something personal they would not disclose to everyone (Hybels Weaver, 2007 p. 168). The final instance for listening types is that of active listeners, which entails reflection. Specifically, active listeners listen intensively to the speaker so that they would be able to express what was said, by paraphrasing or summarizing their statement. Furthermore, active listeners repeat in their own words what the speaker discussed for clarification purposes. Overall, people listen to acquire information and the impact of these listening techniques will certainly lead to thriving professional and personal relationships. The second aspect of listening is to avoid the barriers to efficient listening. Since words can be influential, there are some issues that may get in the way of listening effectively, such as bias, accents, and noise. These specific matters will result in poor listening communication because there are some people who are collective listeners because of their favoritism toward specific speakers; the language is not clear due to diverse accents, and depending on the surroundings, the interference of loud sounds. In addition, there are other barriers that can make listening difficult as well. Hybels and Weaver (2007) note that, most people are not ready to listen well, physically, mentally, and behaviorally and adds that some people are too lazy to listen, some avoid eye contact while listening, and some have a very short attention span (p. 88). Since these are some of the most mutual obstacles to effective listening, to learn how to listen will take practice and diligence to obtain concentration. However, there are some valuable strategies people could do to avoid listening barriers, such as preparing to listen with appropriate eye contact, concentrating on what the speaker is saying to determine the speakers meaning, and taking notes to consider what was discussed. In short, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦savor the conversationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Stewart, 2006 p. 201). Ideally, there are plenty of barriers that occur to block people from listening properly. Once awareness is accomplished, people will be able to avoid these barriers easily. The last aspect of listening is how to manage interpersonal conflict. Conflict occurs in most relationships-professional and personal and conflict can cause resentment and possibly the ending of a relationship as well. People embrace different ways to face conflict and to learn how to manage conflict involves being able to adhere the positive aspect of the relationship, which is to listen well. For example, I actually witnessed an incident when two doctors disagreed on a prognosis on a specific patient, which lead to an interpersonal conflict. After exchanging a few words, the doctors began to become agitated and verbally attacked each other. At this point, both doctors did not want to listen, instead, they both wanted to talk. The approach these doctors were using was not an effective way to handle conflict. Hence, it is obvious skillful communication was not enforced in this situation. Accordingly, all interpersonal interactions can learn how to improve their relationships by discussing how to find a resolution for their discord (Hybels Weaver, 2007 p. 202,203). In this professional environment, proper conflict management should have been applied because at this point, the companys image may be at stake. A final example of interpersonal conflict is lack of communication because lack of effective communication can result in interpersonal variation. For instance, a few months ago my relationship with a friend dispersed because of an emotional distance. The one -year date of his moms passing was approaching and my friend said that he had some personal issues to resolve and decided to try to handle them on his own. Since I was bothered by his unsettling actions, I continued to show my concern. Therefore, I suggested my friend talk about what was troubling him. In most situations, both partners would want to talk and not listen. In this case, I was willing to listen, but my friend refused to talk. In short, my friend was not ready to open up and listen to reason and continued with his depressing distance. Therefore, the relationship was dissolved because of the interaction conflict. Assuredly, to resolve interpersonal conflict in our society, an appropriate balance between personal ambition and optimistic conduct must be developed. Since the act of resolving conflict is a skill that can be taught, determination can help people blossom through their actions and help them receive respect in his or her life. Furthermore, there are effective communication methods to improve interpersonal conflict and to resolve interpersonal conflict following interaction techniques will be helpful: Encouragement-encourages each person to share their concerns Simplicity-ask questions to avoid misunderstandings Recognition-observe accurately to provide clear feedback However, conflict can lead to a deeper understanding and closeness between each person. In essence, [many interpersonal conflicts] can be traced to problems in listeningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Hybels Weaver, 2007 p. 86). The main cause of interpersonal conflict is that both partners want to talk and no one is willing to listen. While resolving interpersonal conflict is a work-in-progress, people should start focusing on how to listen, which will eventually lead to constructive relationships. In summary, the stance of listening skills is important to analyze and review what the speaker discussed. In other words, when an interest is made known about what was conversed, the listener would be able to summarize the main points and supporting details of the speaker. Hence, listening is an active and productive process, which is an attribute people should practice in their professional and personal lives. Moreover, good listening skills builds a foundation as a means of learning that involves consistency in all areas in life. However, if people engage in poor listening habits, misunderstandings will arise and they will not understand the speaker sufficiently to respond efficiently. Since conflict materializes in both professional and personal relationships, it is best to have a face-to-face encounter because each person can benefit by enhancing their listening habits, such as eye contact and body language. Depending on the situation, the three learning styles, active listening, critical listening, and empathic listening should suffice for effective communication. On a final note, while listening skills consist of paying attention to words and interpreting those spoken words correctly, people can develop a creative character as they express such a rewarding attribute. In addition, when people gain listening skills, it is an impressive tool for learning new concepts about other people. Above all, the perception of listening is his or her personal choice if they decide to be an effective interpersonal communicator.

Greek Art - The Geometric Period, Classical Period, and Hellenistic Period :: Greek Art

Greek Art - The Geometric Period, Classical Period, and Hellenistic Period Over a period of time Greek art of the past has changed and evolved into what we value in todayà ­s society as true art and services as a blue print of our tomorrow. As we take a closer look at the Geometric Period and stroll up through the Hellenistic Period allow me to demonstrate the changes and point out how these transitions have served the elements of time. During the geometric period the Greeks style of vase painting was know as Proto-geometric because it was preceded and anticipated the Geometric style - was characterized by linear motifs, such as spirals, diamonds, and crosshatching, rather than the stylized plants, birds, and sea creatures characteristic of minoan vase painting. Artist of the geometric time period created decative funerary art to be placed at the tombs of there dead. These pieces were made of ceramic and created in the form of geometric shapes, hence the time period. One such piece is a vase from the Dipylon Cemetery, (750 BCE) its over-all shape is like that of a hemisphere supported by a cylinder. We also notice that the vase is divided into registers and here the humans are depicted as part of a narrative. The body of the deceased is placed on its side and set on what would appear to be a pedestal in the center of the top register. The form used to represent the human figures are somewhat abstract. For example triangles are used for the torsos, the head is a triangle in profile, round dots would stand in for the eyes and long thin rectangles would serve as arms. The figures have tiny waists, and long legs with bulging thigh and calf muscles. The abstract designs were painted with a clay slip and to still a page form the Egyptians, all the humans were shown as full-frontal or full-profile views that emphasize flat patterns and outline shapes. However unlike the Egyptian funerary art the Greeks focused on the survivors, not the fate of the dead. During this period it was customary to create vases that did not contain supernatural beings, nor made reference to the afterlife that might have provided solace for the bereaved. Another early piece that surfaced back in the late tenth century was the Centaur, half-human, half-horse.

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

There are around 5000 languages in use today, and each is quite different from many of the others. Many thinkers have urged that large differences in language lead to large differences in experience and thought. They hold that each language embodies a worldview, which speakers of different languages think about the world in quite different ways. At first I didn’t really understood what was being said, and I was really against it, but after asking myself, really? Knowing a different amount of words to describe things would allow us to better understand and communicate, interesting than as we started the color activity it became clear to me.Then immediately I started making connections to friends of mines form other foreign countries. Sometimes we have difficulties explain things to each other, things that are often the same, but because of where he’s from and the way their communication methods (Grammar, metaphors, Pragmatics, Semantics, Lexicon) are structured makes it difficult, to understand him being I’m form a different part of the world, meaning a different form of communication method, with a different set of rules.Form what I have read and understand the most important discussions of the linguistic relativity hypothesis have focused on grammar and lexicon which seem to be the most valid in my opinion. Why? I’m guessing it have something to do with the way we talk, and the influence it have on a lot of how much we understand, based on our vocabulary choices and makeup. For example a typical word order may vary in English; the common order is subject, verb, and object.In Japanese it is subject, object, and verb, and in Latin several different spin (word order). Languages can differ in whether they make a distinction between intransitive verbs and adjectives; there are many subtler sorts of grammatical difference as well. Grammar here does not mean the grammar we learned in grammar school, but the syntactic structure of a languag e; in the sense that grammar contains a set of rules that can generate all and only the sentences of a given language.

Grendal Of Beowulf Essays - Beowulf, English-language Films, Geats

Grendal Of Beowulf Essays - Beowulf, English-language Films, Geats Grendal Of Beowulf Grendel on the Moors Or How Grendel Got His Groove Back It is true that Grendel is monstrous. He is not only a deadly enemy to Hrothgar and Herot, but to the Geats in general. Grendel seems to take his only pleasure from assaulting Herot and destroying the warriors inside. He is a bane to all those that live under Hrothgar's rule. They hate him. He is called the enemy of mankind (29) and rightly so. However, because of Grendels actions, they cannot see the other part of Grendel that makes him do the evil he does. Grendel, like the Angels before and the Geats soon after, is symbolic of displaced races/peoples and not simply a mindless monster. When Adam and Eve had children, they had two boys. Their names were Cain and Able. When Cain killed Able, God banished him far from mankind (29). From Cain came trolls, elves, monsters, and giants. Grendel is a descendant of Cain, so he shares Cains banishment. Cain may have been the first displaced person after Adam and Eve were thrown out of the Garden. Grendel shares his ancestors sentence. He is displaced not only from whatever land or wealth he would have if he were human but he is also displaced form God. It is this displacement that causes Grendel to destroy. Since he cannot approach the throne (28) like other people, he chooses to try to destroy the throne, because he has no love for him (God) (28). This is the main reason Grendel is symbolic of displaced peoples. After all, he is a direct descendent of the very first displaced people, Adam and Eve. However, unlike Adam and Eve, Grendel is doomed to an eternity of banishment from Gods light because of Cains sin against his br other. That is why Grendel kills, because he cannot be in the light, because he is at war with God. Grendel is not only banished from Gods light, but from the light in general. Throughout the text, references are made to Grendel as the walker in darkness (36), and the dark-death shadow (29). This kind of imagery further shows how displaced Grendel has become. The text refers to him as a creature deprived of joy (36). The text also refers to Grendels dwelling as his joyless home (37). It is no wonder Grendel was considered so monstrous. Like other displaced peoples, he has nowhere that is a refuge to him, because he has been removed from his home, or in Grendels case, the love of the Lord. Grendel, like other displaced peoples, did not accept his banishment without a fight. Like other displaced peoples, Grendel fought back. He had no sorrow over the killings he committed. He did them willingly. The reason behind Grendels slaughter is not because he is a mindless beast, but because he is jealous over not being able to share in the Geats feasting and celebrating under Gods love. Grendel has been permanently kicked out of the light. And like any race that has lost his or her land or home, he fought back, if not to get back in the light, then to at least make sure no one else can enjoy it. Grendel can have no peace as long as he sees Gods people celebrating and living in a way he will never be able to. Thats why Grendel, driven by evil desire and swollen with rage (36), worked so hard at attempting to destroy Herot. In Grendels mind, if he could deprive the Geats of their meadhall, which they loved so much, then they would be like him: a people with no home and with no joy. Grendel, being symbolic of displaced peoples, also makes him very symbolic of the An gels. Grendels tale shares many similarities with the Angels. While God pushed Grendel into exile, the Vikings forced the Angels from their land. Both Grendel and the Angels were forced to retreat under duress. Both of them also fought back. Grendel waged his battle against Herot and Hrothgar people while the Angels battled with the Danes for control of England. However, while the Angels won against the Vikings and formed a truce, Beowulf destroyed Grendel. The Angels are just one of many

Chartes Cathedral essays

Chartes Cathedral essays Malcolm Miller, an English-speaking tour guide at the Chartes Cathedral states, The Chartes Cathedral is a book. Its architecture is in the binding, and its stories are told through its windows and sculptures. The Chartes Cathedral held true to this statement through my research of this famous gothic cathedral. Located in the heart of a small, sleepy town southwest of Paris, it contains the largest collection of exquisite stained glass, sculptures, and vaulted ceilings. Chartes has been left virtually unharmed through over eight centuries of wars and rebellions. It miraculously survived the French Revolution unscathed when many churches were destroyed by rebelling peasants and it narrowly missed the bombing of Nazi planes during WWII. The exact time and date that the original cathedral was founded is unknown, but it was before 743 (the first sure date associated with it). The church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and houses a relic, a piece of fabric that is believed to have been worn by the Virgin as she gave birth to Jesus. Because of this relic, Chartes became a major pilgrimage center and a great cathedral was built. The work on the current Chartes Cathedral began in 1194, after a fire destroyed the old church. Chartes is the largest and arguably the most magnificent of all Gothic cathedrals. The Western Facade, which is the front of the church, has two different steeples, built in different centuries and exhibiting different types of architecture. On all sides of the Cathedral, there are beautiful sculptures. The entire church is covered with icons of the Virgin, Jesus, angels, and biblical figures. Inside the church, the vaulted ceilings are built very high- this was one of the tallest free-stan ding structures in the world for a number of centuries. The high ceilings draw visitors attention to the sky and give one a sense of sacredness. The church is held up by flying bu ...

Medea in the hellenic age essays

Medea in the hellenic age essays In todays society people are from different cultures and social backgrounds. Your culture may determine your values and the way you should act. Many people judge others cultures on the sole basis of their culture. Sometimes conflicts occur when cultures clash. Different cultures fights or even worse wars may submerge from them fighting. In Greek history there were many ages and peoples culture and value system changed over the times. The Greek culture was the first to look at human beings as the source of themselves. They no longer saw mortals as the inconsequential objects of divine whim.(WH p 31) They saw themselves as having some control over their responsibilities and moral accountability for their actions. The Greek philosopher Protagoras stated that Man is the measure of all things. Thinking this way the Greeks was more successful in creativity reaching heights they never thought they would reach. Their culture developed in the Aegean Sea were, trading, conquest and expansion was possible. The Greeks traded goods with the Egyptians and the Hittites of Anatolia. They borrowed and adapted a writing system from the Phoenicians. They learned sculptural techniques from the Egyptians and other teachings such as working with metal and clay, music and mathematics, and elements of their religious system from other Eastern civilization. The Greek thrived in the Aegean basin. with Minoan and the Mycenaean who left a mark on the Greeks. With the defeat of Persians at Plataea in 479 B.C., the Greeks entered the Hellenic age. This age lasted until Alexander the great died in 323 B.C. The Hellenic age was the first stage of classic civilization.(WH p55) It was one of the Greeks highest achievements. The Greeks still lived in countryside but the city now dominates politics, society and the economy. Attitudes toward Olympian were getting better and public work ship developed into festivals. The g ...

Batek Tribe of Malaysia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Batek Tribe of Malaysia - Research Paper Example The paper tells that in our life we have â€Å"a web of values, meanings, and behavior† which is deeply infused in our everyday life. This is the essence of culture and it plays an important role in our lives. In a particular habitat where human beings stay they are considered to be the â€Å"ecologically dominant component.† Humans have always appropriated nature including the living and inanimate ambience to suit their purpose. One thing has to be kept in mind that a change occurs in humans over time which is both cultural as well as biological. However humans have always adapted to the change and progressed. Human beings have always selected established and refined modes of production so that there is an existence of long term coordination and settlement in a particular area. A change in the subsistence will not only bring about changes in conditions pertaining to food production but also in the socio- cultural base of a community. Thus we can say that a change in su bsistence is closely related to cultural changes. Subsistence mode differs among tribes in different places across the world. The pattern of the mode in turn also affects different aspects of the culture. The tribe selected here is the Batek of Malaysia and their chief mode of subsistence is foraging. Foraging, or hunting and gathering are considered to be the â€Å"oldest form of human society† and here survival was based on the exploitation of â€Å"flora and fauna.† People here mostly lived in small and independent communities. Nomadic lifestyle was followed here and goods produced were meant for self consumption. In this mode there is the strengthening of people’s obligations to each other because of continuous movement of goods through â€Å"kinship ties and residential proximity.† Here one cannot find the existence of personal wealth as there is the obligation to share and due to the nomadic life. Exercising authority over others on the basis of con trol over others is absent in this form and as a result there is the existence an â€Å"egalitarian structure in foraging societies† (Nowak & Laird, 2010). In this respect the paper seeks to examine the impact of subsistence mode and culture on the Batek tribe of Malaysia. One can see that there is a deep association between subsistence mode and culture. Culture is something that is inculcated by the Batek and it is often adapted to suit the changing subsistence mode. The Batek Tribe – basic characteristics and subsistence In the modern world people in order to keep pace with the ever changing world adopt new subsistence mode and move on in life. Even tribes often forced by circumstances abandon their traditional modes and adopts the latest to keep pace with the world in the name of development. Amidst this there is still the existence of the Batek tribe who has been foragers and they had been living like this for a long time. The Batek of Malaysia living in the penins ular region still follows foraging as their subsistence mode. At present most of them lives around Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia’s national park. Prior to this until 1970 most of them had been residing in the lowland rain forests which was field with ample flora and fauna was very much suitable for foraging type of subsistence. It is believed that both culturally and biologically the Batek are the descendents of the earliest human population found in the Malay Peninsula known as â€Å"Hoabinhians.† The Batek society follows the pattern of a nuclear family. So we find that the married couples in this tribe are independent in their decisions to live and to choose the kind of work they desire. â€Å"Personal autonomy† is very much valued by the Batek and any form of force is not seen over here. The authority of the parents over their children is found to be week. Orthodox views in case of marriages and divorces are not observed in this society. Men and women ar e free to choose their spouses and in

To be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

To be Determined - Essay Example ’s grand architecture, the roads that traversed forty thousand kilometers of rugged terrain, thousands of provincial installations†¦or the government designed to manage the whole affair† (D’Atroy 3). However, such a large civilization could not be completely wiped out, and in modern day Peru there are still remnants of the old Inca culture and customs. While the empire does not exist in the ways it did from the thirteenth till sixteenth centuries, the influence of the Inca empire is undeniable. It is often times difficult to discern between myth and legends while researching the history of the Incas as their oral tradition often wove these together with facts: â€Å"None of Peru’s ancient cultures used the written word. They depended upon oral tradition, ceramics, painting† (Starn 15). While it is not certain exactly how much truth there is surrounding, it is generally believed that Manco Capac helped found the city of Cuzco after 1200 CE. Cuzco would grow to be the center of the entire Inca empire, but it grew rather slowly for several centuries. As far as the myth behind the origins of the Incas, Tici Viracocha is the creator god. Inti is the sun god, the son of Tici Viracocha. The sun was worshipped above everything else in Inca culture, and Inti was their highest god. The other gods included Mamaquilla, the moon goddess, Pachmama, the Earth goddess, Mamasera, corn goddess, Mamaqocha, and the ocean goddess. Tici Viracocha was supposed to have emerged from Lake Titicaca and destroyed the inhabitants of the surrounding regions of the lake after angering him. Tici Viracocha then populated the region with his own descendants. Nature was also worshipped in general, and more specifically animals such as jaguars and locations such as mountains were also worshipped. Sacrifices of food and animals were made to the gods, and human sacrifices were rather seldom in Inca culture, especially when compared to other empires such as the Aztecs. Inti, the

Sex Offender Registration and Recidivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex Offender Registration and Recidivism - Essay Example   The concept of sex offender registration and notification has been practiced in the American community since the end of 1900s. Research professionals have noted that scarcity of valuable information about the history of sex offender registration in the United States affects their studies. As Richard Gordon Wrights observes, â€Å"despite this lack of information, States began re-embracing the notion of sex offender registration in the 1890s† (Wright, 2009, p. 212).   In 1994 certain states including Florida demanded convicted sex offenders to document their addresses with regional law enforcement agencies. After this, the Congress passed the Jacob Wetterling Crimes against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Act. The law is considered as the most significant step in the history of sex offender registration in the United States. ... As per the instructions of The Jacob Wetterling Act, all states introduced various policies to develop and maintain sex offenders register. In this respect, Elizabeth J. Letourneau et al point out that â€Å"the Pam Lychner Sexual Offender Tracking and Identification Act of 1996 required the development of a nationwide registry to prevent offenders from escaping registration requirements by moving from state to state† (Letourneau, Levenson, Bandyopadhyay, Sinha & Armstrong, 2010). From its initial stages all these registration laws are referred to as â€Å"Megan’s Laws† in the United States in mark of respect to a child victim, Megan Kankla: â€Å"these laws have typically been refereed to as â€Å"Megan’s Laws† in the United States   in tribute   to a child victim, Megan Kankla who was kidnapped, raped and murdered† (Hanser, 2009, p. 169). During the initial stages the making and maintaining of sex offender registrations were mainly conc entrated to prevent sexual offenses in the society and then it deviated to other areas of the judiciary. It is highly remarkable that there is a gradual growth in the process of registering and notifying the information of convicted sex offenders in the United States in recent years. The government can ensure transparency and public involvement in legal procedure. Current status of sex offender register reveals its importance in society. The report submitted to the California Legislature in 2002 underlines the growing status of sex offender registration. The report states that â€Å"currently, about half of our state’s law enforcement agencies notify residents, schools, or businesses of nearby high risk or serious sex offenders or make the information available to the  public†.

LOST Files in a hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LOST Files in a hospital - Essay Example It is through the negative facts that the nurse presented to me that I was able to find out the possible solutions for the problem. I have always been very effective in working with the organizations and so as my habit goes I was able to present the solutions as demanded by the board of directors. The faults I identified might be quite expensive to fix but the results are worth spending for. If not fixed now, leakage of information may cause even greater damage in the near future. The best security the organization should offer is security for the patients’ information. It is well known as the main duty of every medical institution apart from the duty of providing ultimate care. An estimated $150,000 will be needed in fixing the security situation once and for all. Some more $120,000 will be required for computer training. I can comfortably promise the board that there will be no regression if all my recommendations are attended to fully. This will include upgrading the entire I.T department, installation of up to date surveillance systems, and educating the nurses on the importance of computer security. As much as we train our employees, it would also be of much help we hired more trained and experienced employees to assist in directing our own. This will only cost the organization at most an extra $60,000. Apart from the problem of using a Management Information System that is not upgraded, the organization is also facing other problems that resulted to the agony. This is all from the results that were presented before me by the nurse that I hired. Basically, the other major problem is the level of ignorance of the employees as far as maintenance of the security for the organization is concerned. According to the report I received, many nurses log in with their passwords then leave the system open and accessible to any stranger. This enhances leakage of important and preserved information of the organization. The solution

Summary and Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Summary and Impact - Essay Example Scientists demonstrated that start time of treatment affects the response of B cells to the virus. Moreover, they have shown that the response of the same B cells to the HIV differs from that to other pathogens such as tetanus or influenza. In summary, these studies provide evidence of the fact that earlier treatment of HIV is better for the health of infected people. HIV infection can affect anyone of us. The biggest problem for HIV-infected people is the fact that this infection is extremely difficult to treat and complete cure is not possible at all. Therefore, knowledge of basic features of HIV infection greatly interested me. Especially useful information is the fact that early treatment improves resistance and is more useful for our body. This fact raises questions about the periodic inspection your body for HIV infection, because in case of early identification, quality of treatment will be much higher. Thus, the annual check for infection will increase the quality of further treatment because of early detection of infection. So we should not give problems the chance to become a significant and solve it at the

Penology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Penology - Essay Example Punishment is a penalty given by the court to the person who commits a crime. When a punishment is given to a criminal, the criminal thinks twice before committing the crime again once he/she comes out of jail. Punishment is a very effective tool for reducing the number of crimes in a society. Absence of punishments in a criminal justice system not only makes the offenders and criminals fearless but also encourages them to commit crimes again. Punishment alone is not a very successful method for reducing the number of crimes because where it injects fear in the minds of the criminals; it also injects a sense of retribution in them, which is harmful for the peace of society. A good method is to make use of rehabilitation along with punishment because rehabilitation is a process that changes the behavior and attitude of the criminals. Psychologists attempt to alter the behaviors of criminals by doing their psychotherapies and guiding them towards the right direction. Therefore, we can say that although punishment is effective in reducing the number of crimes but it should be accompanied with rehabilitation to transform criminals into peaceful citizens. 2.1 Effectiveness of Punishments Chatturvedi (2006, p. 3) states, â€Å"Justice or fairness in punishment is the essential task of sentencing†. The efficacy of punishments also depends on the type of punishment and the reason behind the punishments. Punishments are very useful because they not only prevent criminals from committing crimes without any fear but also play a vital role in setting up and maintaining peace in a society. There is a diverse range of punishments for different types of crimes. For some crimes, the punishment gets over with fines. However, for some crimes, there are harsh forms of punishments, such as, lifetime incarceration and death penalty. Punishments should be justified in order to be effective. Cavadino and Dignan (2007, p. 36). â€Å"Punishing people certainly needs a justification, since it is almost always something that is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient†. 2.2 Corporal Punishment or Death Penalty Before going to describe whether death penalty and corpora l punishment are rational ways of punishments or not, let us get a better understanding of what death penalty and corporal punishment actually are. Corporal punishment means using physical force on a criminal as a form of punishment for a crime, whereas death penalty means sentencing a criminal to death because of some form of crime, which he/she commits. Both forms of punishments are given to the criminals in almost every country depending on the nature of crimes. Critics of death penalty say that although corporal punishment is a harsh punishment, still it is a much better way to punish the criminals as compared to death penalty. Even corporal punishments can be justified only if bearable force is used on the criminals as a form of punishment instead of using heavy physical form, which can result in damaging any specific body part of the criminal. â€Å"The death penalty has been the focus of abolitionist

LOST Files in a hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LOST Files in a hospital - Essay Example It is through the negative facts that the nurse presented to me that I was able to find out the possible solutions for the problem. I have always been very effective in working with the organizations and so as my habit goes I was able to present the solutions as demanded by the board of directors. The faults I identified might be quite expensive to fix but the results are worth spending for. If not fixed now, leakage of information may cause even greater damage in the near future. The best security the organization should offer is security for the patients’ information. It is well known as the main duty of every medical institution apart from the duty of providing ultimate care. An estimated $150,000 will be needed in fixing the security situation once and for all. Some more $120,000 will be required for computer training. I can comfortably promise the board that there will be no regression if all my recommendations are attended to fully. This will include upgrading the entire I.T department, installation of up to date surveillance systems, and educating the nurses on the importance of computer security. As much as we train our employees, it would also be of much help we hired more trained and experienced employees to assist in directing our own. This will only cost the organization at most an extra $60,000. Apart from the problem of using a Management Information System that is not upgraded, the organization is also facing other problems that resulted to the agony. This is all from the results that were presented before me by the nurse that I hired. Basically, the other major problem is the level of ignorance of the employees as far as maintenance of the security for the organization is concerned. According to the report I received, many nurses log in with their passwords then leave the system open and accessible to any stranger. This enhances leakage of important and preserved information of the organization. The solution

Penology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Penology - Essay Example Punishment is a penalty given by the court to the person who commits a crime. When a punishment is given to a criminal, the criminal thinks twice before committing the crime again once he/she comes out of jail. Punishment is a very effective tool for reducing the number of crimes in a society. Absence of punishments in a criminal justice system not only makes the offenders and criminals fearless but also encourages them to commit crimes again. Punishment alone is not a very successful method for reducing the number of crimes because where it injects fear in the minds of the criminals; it also injects a sense of retribution in them, which is harmful for the peace of society. A good method is to make use of rehabilitation along with punishment because rehabilitation is a process that changes the behavior and attitude of the criminals. Psychologists attempt to alter the behaviors of criminals by doing their psychotherapies and guiding them towards the right direction. Therefore, we can say that although punishment is effective in reducing the number of crimes but it should be accompanied with rehabilitation to transform criminals into peaceful citizens. 2.1 Effectiveness of Punishments Chatturvedi (2006, p. 3) states, â€Å"Justice or fairness in punishment is the essential task of sentencing†. The efficacy of punishments also depends on the type of punishment and the reason behind the punishments. Punishments are very useful because they not only prevent criminals from committing crimes without any fear but also play a vital role in setting up and maintaining peace in a society. There is a diverse range of punishments for different types of crimes. For some crimes, the punishment gets over with fines. However, for some crimes, there are harsh forms of punishments, such as, lifetime incarceration and death penalty. Punishments should be justified in order to be effective. Cavadino and Dignan (2007, p. 36). â€Å"Punishing people certainly needs a justification, since it is almost always something that is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient†. 2.2 Corporal Punishment or Death Penalty Before going to describe whether death penalty and corpora l punishment are rational ways of punishments or not, let us get a better understanding of what death penalty and corporal punishment actually are. Corporal punishment means using physical force on a criminal as a form of punishment for a crime, whereas death penalty means sentencing a criminal to death because of some form of crime, which he/she commits. Both forms of punishments are given to the criminals in almost every country depending on the nature of crimes. Critics of death penalty say that although corporal punishment is a harsh punishment, still it is a much better way to punish the criminals as compared to death penalty. Even corporal punishments can be justified only if bearable force is used on the criminals as a form of punishment instead of using heavy physical form, which can result in damaging any specific body part of the criminal. â€Å"The death penalty has been the focus of abolitionist

Problems of Population Census in Africa Essay Example for Free

Problems of Population Census in Africa Essay More explicitly it can be defined as a complete process of collection, reception, assessments, analysis publication and distribution of demographic, economic and social data, which relates at a given moment in time to all the residents of a country or of a well-defined partial geographic area, as reflected in the population and housing censuses handbook of the U. N in 1992. While conducting population census, there are various problems that could be altering the successful completion of the exercise using Africa and some African countries as case study, they include: i. Insufficient funding ii. Manpower ( inadequate skills/ knowledge , availability ) iii. Political influences iv. Inaccuracy in the base maps being used v. Inaccessibility to enumeration areas. Funding has been a major issue in the conduct of population censuses in developing countries especially in Africa. Most countries find the exercise too cumbersome to carry out in respect of monetary times and as such the periodical conduct of censuses under a 10 years plan as practiced by some developed countries in Europe and north America could not be achieved in Africa but some countries like Botswana have been able to achieve a considerable number of censuses up to tune of 15 censuses in their history. Sighting Nigeria as an example, the concluded 2006 national population and housing census was conducted after 15 years of the unsuccessful previous one. Even with respect to that wide gap. The country still had to receive monetary aid from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The issue of manpower is ravaging cases in conducting population census in Africa, the manpower usually are unskilled or semi-skilled in most cases. By virtue of that, the data they collect might not be correct which gives an in- accurate statistical data when the results of the census is concluded. The 2006 census in Nigeria recorded a huge number of inexperienced work persons who ad no previous knowledge of collecting data before that time. Influences cannot be ruled out mostly in developing countries where the due process agenda is just being proper gated. The stages that have to be passed through are in most cases being skipped or area that area to be paid much emphasises are being streamlined if it will not be of political interest to the people in power. Also there is cases of incompetent official being employed due to their political influences and no experience forehand which would later jeopardise the exercise. Due to a considerable level of backwardness still being experienced in Africa as a continent there are still some loop areas that affect the hitch free process of population census and that the availability of an up to date base maps. Some African countries still fi d it hard to produce an update map of the various regions and areas in their state which gives the workers a [problem when they get to their enumeration area and it still cannot tally with the area indicated on the base map given to them . Only few countries in Africa has been able to overcome this problems, Egypt has passed that level has it has been able to perform successively a 10years interval censuses since 1909 and problems as such has been eradicated over time. But that is not the case with other countries that has just being enlightened to the benefit of population censuses. The problem of harsh terrain has also been a ravaging factors that infers a complete population census to be carried out in some areas. For instance Ethiopia has had just three censuses in history (1984, 1994 and 2007) but in all cases the Somali region and the Afar region were not covered due to the fact that these regions are remote regions that are very hot and arid. While the Somali region hosts a large population and is a conflict area where Ethiopian regular forces are fighting against the Ogaden national liberation areas. These areas are areas of tremendous dangers in which enumerators are scared of going which would eventually have a deficit on the population statistics when it is finally computed. However with all these been said Kenya has been the first African country to be the first to produce a completely processed census within one year after census.

Using An Electric Motor Fan Engineering Essay

Using An Electric Motor Fan Engineering Essay The resistance value for experiment 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 calculated and was 93.23 , 101.01 and 100.90 respectively. The effect of voltage increase on temperature was recoded and how power is lost as heart was understood. How electrical current generate magnetic field was observed by using compasses and explained. An experiment was also carried out and explained in to how electromagnetic field is used to control electrical circuits involving more than one circuit in a relay. The change of electrical energy to mechanical was also investigated by using an electric motor-fan. Background Despite the famous experiment Benjamin Franklin, he did not invented electricity. Electricity exists naturally. It has always been around. A good example of electric flow that occurs naturally is lightening. Lightening is a flow of electrons between the ground and clouds. When clouds rub against each other or other objects they become charged. When the potential difference between the clouds and ground reaches a certain level a flow of electrons balances the charge, this exhibits a flash of light or lightening1. Electrical systems and components can be classified into several capabilities and used for many different applications. Electrical components and systems can be used to heat, power, sense, drive, detect, indicate, to transmit and receive data2. Electrical equipment such as light bulbs, batteries and electric generators are not needed for electric city to exist, although designed to use and harness electric city. If potential difference or voltage is maintained across a conductor an electric flow occurs, Figure1. The currents magnitude depends on the voltage. The Ohms law states that the current through a conductor between the two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Therefore if the potential difference applied across a conductor is changed the current will also change. If a device follows the Ohms law the graph voltage vs current should have a straight line3. By rearranging the equation 1, voltage can be calculated; in addition the resistance of material can simply calculated by dividing the voltage to the current see equation 1. V R=V/I Figure1. An electric potential across a conductor3 Equation 13 The two types of circuits are series and parallel. Total resistance in series circuit can be determined by adding the individual resistors resistance. To find the resistance of two or more resistors connected in parallel, the sum of the inverse individual resistance is used2, Equation2. Equation 24 In electrical circuit some power is lost as heat. Resistance and heat loss is directly proportional for a given volts. Therefore if the volt is increased the resistance will increase, this will then result in a great deal of heat being lost3. When there is a need to control more than one circuit, a relay is used. Relay is a switch operated by electric. The mechanical movement of a relay is often controlled by magnetic force. The flow of current through the relay coil generates a magnetic field and changes the switch by attracting a lever. Relay aid one circuit to switch to another circuit and operate completely separate from the initial circuit5. Relay coil NO COM NC Figure 2. Relay contact5 Key COM  = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch. NC  = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is  off NO  = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is  on If an electrical current flows through a wire, a magnetic field is created due to the moving charges. Figure 3 demonstrates the magnetic fields in a straight conductor. The magnetic field for a straight conductor circles around the conductor. As illustrated from figure 4, a wire is coiled up to make a solenoid. The flow of the current determines the magnetic field direction. Each loop experiences its own magnetic field and the total magnetic field is the sum of individual loop. In addition the magnitude of the total magnetic field of a solenoid is directly proportional to the number of coils a coiled wire has7. Magnetic Field Around a Wire VRML Model Figure 3. Magnetic fields in Straight conductor7 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid VRML Model Figure 4. Magnetic fields in solenoid7 Electric motor is one of the very useful appliances use electric power to turn in to mechanical energy. To understand how an electric motor work simply imagine a nail wrapped with a wire and connected to a battery Figure 5. If the battery is connected to the wire, the nail would eventually become a magnet and have a south and North Pole. If the nail is suspended in the middle of a horseshoe magnet as in figure 5, the north end of the nail would be repelled away from the horseshoes north end and attract to the south end of the horseshoe. By doing this the nail would half turn and stop at the original place. To maintain a full turn the electromagnetic field of the nail should be flipped at a very precise moment. This is done simply by changing the direction of the electrons flow6. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/motor-nail-in-horseshoe.gif Figure 5. Electro magnet in a horseshoe magnet6 Experimental Experiment 1.1: Electrical circuit As illustrated in figure 6, a series circuit was set up and one resistor was used across the circuit. Multi-meters were used to record the voltage across the resistor and current. Five different voltages in the range of 2 to 12 volts were applied and the current was recorded for each for each volts. Power R1 V A Figure 6. Series one resistor circuit2 Experiment 1.2 Similar procedure was used to record the voltage and current for the second experiment, this time though two resistors were used. V Power R1 R2 A Figure 7. Series two resistor circuit2 Experiment 1.3 In the third experiment two resistors was set up in a parallel circuit. Similar method to experiment one and two was used to record the voltage and current. Power A R1 R2 V Figure 8. Two resistors in parallel2 Experiment 2: Temperature vs. voltage In the fourth experiment investigates the relationship between voltage and temperature across a resistor. Similar circuit to experiment was, but this time one of the multi-meter was used set to record temperature. A thermocouple as shown in figure 9 was used to detect the temperature change and this was fed to the multi-meter8. http://images.picotech.com/se001-thermocouple.jpg Figure 9. Thermocouple8 Experiment 3: Relay Figure 10 shows the mechanism of the relay. A switch was used to control the relay by switching between the two circuits. Figure 10. Diagram for connection of experiment with relay and LEDs2 Experiment 4: Electric motor Fan An electric motor was used and given a power of 12 volt. Electric current was controlled by a switch and the fan rotated as due to the magnetic field generated by the electric. Experiment 5: Magnetism In these experiment two methods was used to test electro magnetism of electric of the flow of current. A wire used to flow electricity and magnetic compass was placed around the wire. In the second method a coiled wire was used and compasses was placed in the inside and outside of the coiled. Results Table 1. Experiment one and two Single resistor circuit Two resistor in series Two resistors in parallel V Amps Temperature C0 V Amps V Amps 2 0.0198 24 2 0.0099 2 0.0396 4 0.0390 25 4 0.0198 4 0.0793 6 0.0990 26 6 0.0297 6 0.1189 8 0.0792 28 8 0.0396 8 0.1587 10 0.0990 30 10 0.0495 10 0.1981 Note: The value of current highlighted for single resistor at 6 volts is an anomaly. Figure 11. Current vs Voltage Table 2. Resistance calculation Total resistance/ÃŽ © Power in v Series circuit Parallel Circuit with 2 resistors 1 resistors 2 Resistors 2 101.01 202.02 50.50 4 102.56 202.02 50.44 6 60.60 202.02 50.46 8 101.01 202.02 50.40 10 101.01 202.02 50.47 Average 93.23 202.02 50.45 Below is resistance calculation narrated; One resister series circuit = Two resisters Series circuit = Two resistors Parallel Circuit Using equation 2, R = (Assuming R1 = R2) 50.45 = R1 R1 +R2 = 100.90 ÃŽ © Experiment 2: Temperature vs. voltage The graph shows a positive correlation between voltage and temperature increase. Figure 12. Voltage vs Temperature Experiment 3: Relay When the switch was turned on LED one turned on and when the switch turned of LED one light gone out and LED two turned on. Experiment 4: Electric motor Fan The electric motor-fun started to spin only when the electric current started to flow. This was controlled by a switch for convenience. Experiment 5: Magnetism The results of electro magnetism were observed in experiment 5. When a single wire was used the compass needles aligned themselves towards the direction of the current flow. In the coiled wire when the compass was placed inside the coiled wire the compass pointed towards the direction of the electric flow. When the compasses was placed outside the solenoid the compasses experiences a great deal of deflection in comparison with the single wired cable. Discussion Experiment 1.1 1.3 circuit Figure 11 demonstrates an increase in voltage resulted on an increase in current. For the circuits with two resistors in parallel and series the graph was showing a positive correlation between the voltage increase and current increase. For the series circuit with one resister there was an anomaly when the voltage was set to 6 volts. The increase in current at 6 volts was too high, and this resulted on the graph being nonlinear. To make assumptions that the circuit obeys Ohmic law the graph should be linear. Possible source of errors; Human error (error when recording figures) Faulty multi-meter being used Faulty resistors or Faulty power supply reading Experiment 2: Temperature vs voltage As illustrated in figure 12, as the voltage increase the temperature across the resistor also increased. The temperature was directly proportional to the voltage increase. Temperature increase was steady for every additional volts applied for up to 6 volts. Temperature increase was doubled then doubled when 8 volts was applied. Some of the factors that can affect the amount of heat loss in a circuit are; Type of material used for wiring or resistor (some material are good conductors and some are very good insulator) Wire diameter (the smaller the diameter the harder for the electrons to move through) Length of wiring Temperature of the material/conductor (lower temperature result in lower resistance and indeed lower heat loss)3 The sharp increase in temperature was due to possible errors; Faulty thermocouple Leaving a particular voltage slightly longer than the another Breathing near the thermocouple (increase in the overall temperature) Experiment 3 Relay Figure 10 demonstrates the relay experiment. Since the relay mechanism was very small to be observed by the naked eyes LED was used to indicate if the electrical flow was switching in between the two circuits every time the switch was hit. TQ team7 States that the total magnetic field in a loop is the sum of its individual loop. Since moving charged particles generate electromagnetic field many charged particles generate a higher magnetic field. Therefore higher resistance in the wire coiling of a relay could cause the relay not being able to attracting a lever. Higher resistance in relays could be caused by rusting or using materials with low conductivity. Experiment 4 Electric motor-fan The power used in the Electric motor-fan was DC current. The current in DC always goes through one direction. The electric-fan began rotating when the current starts to flow. The current flow was switched over, as the polarity of the volt switched over, it was expected the motor start running the opposite direction instead the motor was stopped. The fan was possibly fitted with a device that only allows a one direction flow of current9. A diode was one of the possibilities that the electric motor-fan was fitted by. A diode is a two terminal device, with features of some systematic transfer of electric city character. A diode have a zero resistance to electric flow in one direction and high resistance (100%) resistance in the other direction, therefore electrical current flow only in one direction. Experiment 5 Magnetism As demonstrated from figure 3 and 4 electric current produces magnetic field. The compass used for the single wire deflected and seen aligning itself with the direction of the electric current. By observing the deflection of the compass needle, the North and South Pole of the magnetic field was deducted10. Conclusion The goal of the experiment was to understand the role of electricity in modern technology. Resistance in series and parallel circuits were tried, electromagnetism and its applications explained. The experiments deduction narrated below; With the exception of one anomaly result the circuits in experiment one obeys Ohmic law, therefore a linear graphs. In series circuit the resistance value doubled when another resistor was added. As it can be observed from table 2 resistance values for the parallel with two resistors was almost half the value for the series circuit with one resistor. Parallel circuit resistance was very small when compared with the resistance value in the series circuit with the same number of resistors. The value for the resistors calculated as 93.23 , 101.01 and 100.90 respectively. In experiment two, power dissipation promotes temperature increase . Relay experiment demonstrates the control of more than one circuit by using magnetic field of electric current. Charged moving particles produce a magnetic field Electric motor-fan converts electrical power in to mechanical by the help on a magnet inside the motor. Compasses used to observe the direction of an electric current. The grater the loop the grater the deflection the compass experience. Figure 3 and 4 demonstrates the magnetic field in a single wire and solenoid.

Comparing Cultures in Heaneys Opened Ground and Roys The God of Small

Comparing Cultures in Heaney's Opened Ground and Roy's The God of Small Things Many authors use experience in their lives to influence their writing. In the cases of Seamus Heaney and Arundati Roy, the experiences in their life and the experience that their countries went through shape their poems and stories in unimaginable ways. For example, Heaney puts into his poetry many experiences that his country, Ireland, went through. These experiences include the rise of war in Ireland between the Catholics and the Protestants and also the influence that England has on the situation in Ireland. Roy on the same note brings into her story, The God of Small Things, experiences that India went through after British rule and the fear of communism that arose in certain parts of India after the British made India a free nation. Through both of these authors’ writings, readers can see the effect that English rule had upon both of the different nations and the aftermath of the English influence on both India and Ireland. In Heaney's book of poetry entitled Opened Ground, Heaney shows the readers many different ways in which English rule and influence effected and changed the lives of different people in Ireland. For example, in Two Lorries, Heaney describes a man who is a coal deliverer and his love for Heaney's mother. As the poem progresses, we can see a metamorphosis in the lorry. As the political situation in Ireland escalates and war between different religious factions grows more immanent, the lorry changes from a man who falls in love with Heaney's mother to a raving political and religious war type man who needs to become involved in the skirmish between the religious groups and by doing this eventually blows... ...e and have their morals and institutions put on them or become a communist nation and be told everything that must be done and not have many choices. Both Heaney and Roy do a very good job to show and discuss how their culture and English culture have both effected and made their cultures what they are today. Heaney shows us that the English have given much of their culture and morals to many of the Irish but also shows us how the other people of Ireland were effected by English Rule. Roy also shows us how the English affected Indian culture and how Indian families were affected by both the English rule and how post English rule affected the lives of many people throughout India. With their own styles and writings, Heaney and Roy give us a good look into how both Indian and Irish cultures are today and how they were back in the time of English rule. Comparing Cultures in Heaney's Opened Ground and Roy's The God of Small Comparing Cultures in Heaney's Opened Ground and Roy's The God of Small Things Many authors use experience in their lives to influence their writing. In the cases of Seamus Heaney and Arundati Roy, the experiences in their life and the experience that their countries went through shape their poems and stories in unimaginable ways. For example, Heaney puts into his poetry many experiences that his country, Ireland, went through. These experiences include the rise of war in Ireland between the Catholics and the Protestants and also the influence that England has on the situation in Ireland. Roy on the same note brings into her story, The God of Small Things, experiences that India went through after British rule and the fear of communism that arose in certain parts of India after the British made India a free nation. Through both of these authors’ writings, readers can see the effect that English rule had upon both of the different nations and the aftermath of the English influence on both India and Ireland. In Heaney's book of poetry entitled Opened Ground, Heaney shows the readers many different ways in which English rule and influence effected and changed the lives of different people in Ireland. For example, in Two Lorries, Heaney describes a man who is a coal deliverer and his love for Heaney's mother. As the poem progresses, we can see a metamorphosis in the lorry. As the political situation in Ireland escalates and war between different religious factions grows more immanent, the lorry changes from a man who falls in love with Heaney's mother to a raving political and religious war type man who needs to become involved in the skirmish between the religious groups and by doing this eventually blows... ...e and have their morals and institutions put on them or become a communist nation and be told everything that must be done and not have many choices. Both Heaney and Roy do a very good job to show and discuss how their culture and English culture have both effected and made their cultures what they are today. Heaney shows us that the English have given much of their culture and morals to many of the Irish but also shows us how the other people of Ireland were effected by English Rule. Roy also shows us how the English affected Indian culture and how Indian families were affected by both the English rule and how post English rule affected the lives of many people throughout India. With their own styles and writings, Heaney and Roy give us a good look into how both Indian and Irish cultures are today and how they were back in the time of English rule.

ottoman empire :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Form the late 18th century into the early 20th century, the ottoman Empire continued to retained much of its basic political and economic structures. Although these things were generally recognizable to earlier periods in it’s history, the empire was losing territory as frontiers shank. Despite their shrinking of territory, many forces within the empire became more and more complex. As well as fighting the familiar imperial wars, the leadership was having to deal with internal rebellion as well. At this time, the state was becoming more influential in the daily wars of it’s citizens. Among these influences the role, and religion, both Muslims and not-Muslims and the legal status of women where changing. However the most significant of challenge to the empire at this time, was growing inter-tribal and ethnic violence. As a result this factors political and economic change was certain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This lead to major reforms with the empire. This paper will focus on the three of this reforms. The first accruing in 1829, involved a radical change to the dress-code for the males with the society. For the first time in it’s history, dress would not be used to dressing with class; second, the famous rose garden decree of 1839, which attempted to create equality and fear justice for all the citizens; and finally the 1856, hatt-I humayan decree which restart the reforms of 1839 and added the vital concepts of equality of education and employment. Sultan Mahmut 2 became more active figure in the ottoman empire, he made big changes in the government office, desk and chairs instead couches and cushions, also changed the dress-code, soldiers start wearing western style uniform pants, tunics and boots instead of robes and slippers. Overnight the sultan Mahmut 2 gave in abolished the old social markers based on wearing apparel. Instead, a new set of regulations demanded that all official wear the Fez that is, exactly the same headgear. With this act, so all they males looked the same: the old tradition of the turbans and robes of honor won’t excited no more. The ottoman women, were simply ignored for their part. ottoman empire :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Form the late 18th century into the early 20th century, the ottoman Empire continued to retained much of its basic political and economic structures. Although these things were generally recognizable to earlier periods in it’s history, the empire was losing territory as frontiers shank. Despite their shrinking of territory, many forces within the empire became more and more complex. As well as fighting the familiar imperial wars, the leadership was having to deal with internal rebellion as well. At this time, the state was becoming more influential in the daily wars of it’s citizens. Among these influences the role, and religion, both Muslims and not-Muslims and the legal status of women where changing. However the most significant of challenge to the empire at this time, was growing inter-tribal and ethnic violence. As a result this factors political and economic change was certain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This lead to major reforms with the empire. This paper will focus on the three of this reforms. The first accruing in 1829, involved a radical change to the dress-code for the males with the society. For the first time in it’s history, dress would not be used to dressing with class; second, the famous rose garden decree of 1839, which attempted to create equality and fear justice for all the citizens; and finally the 1856, hatt-I humayan decree which restart the reforms of 1839 and added the vital concepts of equality of education and employment. Sultan Mahmut 2 became more active figure in the ottoman empire, he made big changes in the government office, desk and chairs instead couches and cushions, also changed the dress-code, soldiers start wearing western style uniform pants, tunics and boots instead of robes and slippers. Overnight the sultan Mahmut 2 gave in abolished the old social markers based on wearing apparel. Instead, a new set of regulations demanded that all official wear the Fez that is, exactly the same headgear. With this act, so all they males looked the same: the old tradition of the turbans and robes of honor won’t excited no more. The ottoman women, were simply ignored for their part.

Life speech

Live life to its fullest l' m happy to Join with you today, base on something that all humans should do every day, every moment, every minute, every second and every breath. Life is a priceless object that god gave us. Life is a matter of choices. Life is a start and an end to our destiny. Throughout the years, from Stone Age and now, humans sometimes choose misery over enjoyment which is not wrong but also not right. It' s the decision of each of us, wherever we want to waste precious opportunities that Life give us. Humans, Like me and you, should enjoy life to the fullest.We should avoid the chains of misery and wretchedness. We should leave the nest that we once were afraid of leaving. We should release the cage that kept our happiness and Joy and break It until It s dust that we are standing on. We should pass on happily and satisfied, once we fulfill the life we want. Everything was meant to be there, meant to be done, meant to play a role In something. We are the mall characte r of our life. We are the stars that shine In the light of our brightness. We are the ones that play the most Important and significant role in our life.We are the center of attention of our life. We are meant to achieve the goals we set. It would be fatal if we din t enjoy life. But we want to avoid it. Problems and mistakes are not the things that go wrong but we are. We should overcome what we think, what we feel and what we did. We can t stay the rest of our life sitting in the bench of hell waiting until the day our soul float to the sky. We need to act now, it doses ‘t matter what you need to do to complete your destiny, it doses t matter what problems you need to solve on your way to your destiny.That is what life is, a maze where a challenge, a struggle, a journey, a mystery, an adventure was to start, overcome, solved and ended. It's a maze that you will meet beauty, love, promise, tragedy and sorrow. A maze that we receive spirits, promises, opportunities, songs and gifts. Live life to its fullest and wake up without regrets. Have a cheerful start in everyday and always remember that a new days starts from zero. Live life to its fullest and share it with others. Share it with others, inspire them, or learn from them. Live life to its fullest and complete the goals you set.Every step counts, it's like a stair, one step will not make you reach the top, but ten steps will. Live life to its fullest and sing it as long as you want to. Life is not only a story you're the main character but also the song that sings and shows your feeling throughout the years. Live life to its fullest and learn from the past. It doesn't matter If today was a bad day for you, think about your mistakes and learn from It, as a wise men say â€Å"People learn from their mistakes not from their remembrance. † Live life to Its fullest and take each opportunity.Not every day you will have the same opportunity as today; it might happen In another 5 years or maybe never. Take It and don t leave It, use It and don ‘t waste a great opportunity to show your talent and skills to others. Enjoy each opportunity that life takes you to. Live life to Its fullest and treasure every moment. You don ‘t want to forget excellent moments, or romantic moment or great moments with some people you really care. You need to treasure each of the moments you enjoy In life and keep It In the deepest of your soul. Every time you treasure a moment, you will realize that living life to its fullest is important you very much. Life speech Live life to its fullest l' m happy to Join with you today, base on something that all humans should do every day, every moment, every minute, every second and every breath. Life is a priceless object that god gave us. Life is a matter of choices. Life is a start and an end to our destiny. Throughout the years, from Stone Age and now, humans sometimes choose misery over enjoyment which is not wrong but also not right. It' s the decision of each of us, wherever we want to waste precious opportunities that Life give us. Humans, Like me and you, should enjoy life to the fullest.We should avoid the chains of misery and wretchedness. We should leave the nest that we once were afraid of leaving. We should release the cage that kept our happiness and Joy and break It until It s dust that we are standing on. We should pass on happily and satisfied, once we fulfill the life we want. Everything was meant to be there, meant to be done, meant to play a role In something. We are the mall characte r of our life. We are the stars that shine In the light of our brightness. We are the ones that play the most Important and significant role in our life.We are the center of attention of our life. We are meant to achieve the goals we set. It would be fatal if we din t enjoy life. But we want to avoid it. Problems and mistakes are not the things that go wrong but we are. We should overcome what we think, what we feel and what we did. We can t stay the rest of our life sitting in the bench of hell waiting until the day our soul float to the sky. We need to act now, it doses ‘t matter what you need to do to complete your destiny, it doses t matter what problems you need to solve on your way to your destiny.That is what life is, a maze where a challenge, a struggle, a journey, a mystery, an adventure was to start, overcome, solved and ended. It's a maze that you will meet beauty, love, promise, tragedy and sorrow. A maze that we receive spirits, promises, opportunities, songs and gifts. Live life to its fullest and wake up without regrets. Have a cheerful start in everyday and always remember that a new days starts from zero. Live life to its fullest and share it with others. Share it with others, inspire them, or learn from them. Live life to its fullest and complete the goals you set.Every step counts, it's like a stair, one step will not make you reach the top, but ten steps will. Live life to its fullest and sing it as long as you want to. Life is not only a story you're the main character but also the song that sings and shows your feeling throughout the years. Live life to its fullest and learn from the past. It doesn't matter If today was a bad day for you, think about your mistakes and learn from It, as a wise men say â€Å"People learn from their mistakes not from their remembrance. † Live life to Its fullest and take each opportunity.Not every day you will have the same opportunity as today; it might happen In another 5 years or maybe never. Take It and don t leave It, use It and don ‘t waste a great opportunity to show your talent and skills to others. Enjoy each opportunity that life takes you to. Live life to Its fullest and treasure every moment. You don ‘t want to forget excellent moments, or romantic moment or great moments with some people you really care. You need to treasure each of the moments you enjoy In life and keep It In the deepest of your soul. Every time you treasure a moment, you will realize that living life to its fullest is important you very much.

Nature and Nurture Influences Essay

We were asked to write a paper on Nature and Nurture influences on a child development. There has been a debate for years about this topic. Some phycologist believe that it is just nature that you are born with the genes from you parents to make you the way you are through evolution. Then there are those that it is just the nurturing we receive as babies or even in the womb through our child hood. That both Nature and Nurture go together in some way. The difference between Nature and Nurture will be described and the relationship between the two. I will explain the biological, environmental, societal, and cultural influences on child development in relation to nature versus nurture. This debate has gone one since 1970’s, when some studies showed the social behaviors of primates like chimpanzees and gorillas that this was humans closest relatives genetically speaking (Garcà ­a, J. 2014). The increased social significance of gay and lesbian rights in recent years has sparked in terest among some researchers as to the causes of homosexuality. Supporters of gay rights claim that homosexuality is natural and innate, while many opponents of gay rights often claim that homosexuality is a lifestyle choice (Garcà ­a, J. 2014). These are big debatable topics that they say is all nature. I disagree I am a Christian and go by the bible not scientist sorry that’s my belief. Whether you are gay or believe we come from monkeys that’s fine. I believe it is a choice you choose to be the way you are it’s your life style that’s fine. We are nurtures from the time we are conceived parents talk to their babies will in the womb. The fetus does respond to noise we say the ABC’s to them when they are born we hold them feed them. When our children get older or fall as a child we kiss their wounds to make them feel better. We teach them to ride bikes some grasp it faster than others we  encourage our children to do their best in everything they do. I have four children they are all different the pregnancies was different. My pregnancies with my sons I was not sick with either. First child sleep great hardly sick. The second pregnancy my son was sick for the first year had colic ear infe ctions was rough. The pregnancies with my girls I was sick had acid reflux in the beginning of the third pregnancy fourth was a girl acid reflux during my whole pregnancy. They both had it in the beginning as well, but my youngest daughter still have attacks of acid reflux. Not everything is genetic we get our looks from our parents some are great musicians, but their child doesn’t follow their footsteps and can play any instrument. I peck a piano my daughter taught herself other children do not know how to play. Factor, in the study of development, nature refers to the inherited (genetic) characteristics and tendencies that influence development. Nurture affects children’s development through multiple channels: physically through nutrition, activity, and stress; intellectually through informal experiences and formal instruction; and socially through adult role models and peer relationships. In contrast, abilities in traditional school subject areas (e.g., reading, geography) and advanced artistic and physical skills (e.g., playing the piano, playing competitive soccer) rest heavily on instruction and practice (Gardner, Torff, & Hatch, 1996; Olson, 1994; R. Watson, 1996). So in conclusion you will always have those that will say we still come from monkeys and those are the facts. I still do not believe that never will. Then there will be those that say that its nature that we are the way we are. I believe that nature is apart , but mostly nurture started in the beginning of life’s creation from the seed to the implantation thru adult hood. References http://www.education.com/reference/article/nature-nurture/ http://www.howcast.com/videos/513307-nature-vs-nurture-child-development Garcà ­a, J. (2014). Nature versus nurture debate. Research Starter Topics, http://video.about.com/genealogy/What-Is-Nature-Vs–Nurture-.htm

Why Islamic Financial Institutions in Need for Corporate Governance Essay

Why Islamic Financial Institutions in Need for Corporate Governance Legal Framework - Essay Example Islamic finanical systems were particularly sucessful in the pre-colonial era but were methodologicaly replaced by conventional financial institutions during the colonial era. However over the last thirty or so years, Islamic financial institutions have been making a formidible comeback. Today Islamic financial systems have not only been established in Islamic states, but also internationally. Moreover, a number of conventional banks are also offering Islamic financial services evidencing the global acceptance of Islamic financial institutions. According to the World Bank, Islamic fiancial services are offered globally via 284 financial institutions in 38 countries which are Islamic and non-Islamic states. Like any financial institution, good and effective corporate governance is necessary for the effective and efficient functioning of the institution and for the protection of stakeholder interests. The stakeholder insterest are not always monetary in nature and can include ethics, values and/or religion. For Islamic financial institution, the amin interests of stakeholders is that the institution offering Islamic financial services comply with Shariah principles. Thus Shariah-compliant functioning in an Islamic financial insitution is the key component of corporate governance in Islamic financial institutions. ... However over the last thirty or so years, Islamic financial institutions have been making a formidible comeback. Today Islamic financial systems have not only been established in Islamic states, but also internationally. Moreover, a number of conventional banks are also offering Islamic financial services evidencing the global acceptance of Islamic financial institutions.1 According to the World Bank, Islamic fiancial services are offered globally via 284 financial institutions in 38 countries which are Islamic and non-Islamic states.2 Like any financial institution, good and effective corporate governance is necessary for the effective and efficient functioning of the institution and for the protection of stakeholder interests. The stakeholder insterest are not always monetary in nature and can include ethics, values and/or religion. For Islamic financial institution, the amin interests of stakeholders is that the institution offering Islamic financial services comply with Shariah p rinciples. Thus Shariah-compliant functioning in an Islamic financial insitution is the key component of corporate governance in Islamic financial institutions.3 The challenge for Islamic financial institutions in formulating good and effective corporate governance constructs is reconciling Shariah-compliant principles with the interests of all stakeholders.4 The stakeholder relationship in Islamic financial institutions is different from conventional financial institutions because profit and risk sharing principles change the nature of the stakeholder relationship.5 Moreover, the definition of property also changes the Islamic financial institution’s perspective on corporate

Criminal Procedure Variation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedure Variation - Essay Example "1. The punishment cannot be invariably disproportionate to the crime. Applying this principle in Coker v. Georgia, the Court held that the death penalty was grossly disproportionate to the crime of rape of an adult woman. 2. The statute should be carefully drafted to ensure adequate information and guidance to the sentencing authority. For example, the Court struck down the death penalty statute in Lockett v. Ohio because it improperly limited the range of mitigating circumstances available for consideration. 6. Appellate review by a court of statewide jurisdiction should be available. Although Georgia's scheme of proportionality review may not be required, the system must guard against sentences wantonly or capriciously imposed."( http://www.law.ua.edu/colquitt/crimmain/crimmisc/colquitt.htm) After the passing of this law, starting in 1983, Alabama has executed 34 people in the history of its death sentence program. Four people were killed in the first 9 months of the year 2005 alone (http://blogs.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/archive/2005/09/).

I Came to Testify and Pray the Devil to Hell film review Essay

I Came to Testify and Pray the Devil to Hell film review - Essay Example A person's character is shaped based on the values and the norms that represent the culture he or she was raised in and the religion beliefs that attached him or her to these values and norms. The two films, I Came to Testify and Pray the Devil to Hell, illustrate one conflict in two different areas of the world. The first film is in Fuca while the second film is in Liberia. However, both films present a similar issue of conflict between gender and the role of religion and culture in shaping conflict. The film I Came to Testify, based in Yugoslavia, showed a conflict in Fuca between Muslims and Slovaks that stemmed from the death of the President of Yugoslavia. The Muslim group wanted to create an independent state, while the Slovak group wanted to go back to the old days and focus on their ethnic morals. A civil war occurs in a state when each group attempts to control and lead the state by changing the laws and rules based on their beliefs. This change is often based on either a political or ethnic view, and the majority group does not care if it opposes the other group's beliefs (Jabri, 31). The Slovak group was more powerful than the Muslims and started to use their power to torture Muslims by destroying their houses, mosques, killing Muslim civilians, and changing the name of the city to a name related to the Slovak identity. The most harmful torture to the Muslims was of raping their women and children. Slovak men had the power to rape Muslim women and harm them in front of their own families.

Latin Western European Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin Western European Culture - Essay Example In Latin America, people shake hands when they meet someone and again when they part. Latin Americans also like to stay close when talking. The part that time plays in social events also differs. If a person is invited to someone's house in Europe for a meal, he or she should arrive on time. However, in Latin America, he or she should arrive at least one hour late. This is the. case for business appointments as well as for social events. In some countries, 'tomorrow' does not necessarily mean the day after. Americans are always in a hurry. They want to get on with whatever it is. Some other countries like to spend more time with preliminary discussions. Talking, negotiating and bargaining are all parts of the game. In Latin countries, as well as in the Middle and Far East, haggling over prices is expected (Newman and Nollen 1996). Following Hofstede's theory, in Latin America, power distance is high. It is a collectivist culture in which family and family relations play a crucial role. Latin America can be seen as a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics of culture. The main masculine traits are (1) aggressiveness and (2) ambition. The main feminine factors are: close relations and high sensitivity. The power distance of a culture is reflected in the superior subordinate relations in business organizations. A short power distance is an inducement to greater volume and variety of vertical communication and participative decision style(Hofstede 1996). It is common for such countries to advocate participation in the manager's decisions by his or her subordinates; however, the initiative towards this is supposed to be taken by the manager. The status of the individual in the West is tied to education and knowledge and, as mentioned before, in the American type of culture, experts are treated with g reat respect and loyalties to a profession are greater than loyalties to the company. Latin Americans have little experience of working in formal organizations which, combined with belonging to a high-contextual culture, means that much of what goes on as planning, supervising and controlling is more symbolic than substantive, as will be seen. Many Latin American institutions and business organizations are not very efficient, which is one reason why Latin American executives prefer to use personal (family and friendship) ties instead of formal channels and apply a very personalized and informal management style (Owen and Scherer 2002). In business, Latin American managers not only value change relatively highly but also value caution less. This suggests an active or dynamic orientation and a willingness to make risky decisions. Uncertainty of life is accepted as normal, and economic risks are judged by potential rewards. The action culture in Latin America has made available the mass-produced goods the Latin American market wants -- better than anyone else has. Latin Americans consider it almost a right to be materially well off and physically comfortable. They expect convenient transport, a variety of clean and healthful foods and comfortable homes equipped with labor-saving devices. The high value placed on materialism in the culture is sometimes reflected in an ethnocentric attitude towards other individuals,

Are counter-intelligence and counter-espionage priorities mainly Essay

Are counter-intelligence and counter-espionage priorities mainly during major state-against-state geopolitical confrontations, a - Essay Example David Lonsdale has talked about this phenomenon by evoking the consequences of information technology.2 There have been a number of changes happening in the geopolitical relations that have changed the way, counter-espionage and counterintelligence operations are carried out. The changes have also transformed the time and space in which such acts are relevant. It was in this backdrop that in 1991, US had declared that new challenges were surfacing before the US counterintelligence, and had developed a National Security Strategy which said: Growing international economic competition and potential regional instabilities vastly broaden the scope of the potential intelligence threat. Our traditional openness, combined with recent changes in immigration laws and the sheer volume of information flow in the United States, affords great access to sensitive information and facilities as well as to individuals who may be targets for intelligence collection.3 Similarly, the formation of Europol in European Union was a step towards ensuring effective counterintelligence coordination within the EU nations.4 UK has also included US â€Å"among the prioritized country for a cooperation treaty with Europol.†5 All this refocusing and redesigning of intelligence activities represent a broader understanding of the changes that happen around. Counterintelligence operations have thus become more a round the clock activity than being a response to some existing or potential security threats. Researchers have been talking about the need for establishing an â€Å"international intelligence model†¦[which can]†¦establish shared concepts and procedures in the exchange of intelligence and common national and international intelligence work.†6 International counterespionage and counterintelligence activities and theories have to be discussed in the broader context of geopolitics. The term, ‘geopolitics’, is often used to understand international politic s and foreign policy matters.7 Henry Kissinger had equaled this concept with â€Å"global equilibrium and permanent national interests in the world balance of power.†8 Thus this concept is viewed as a prerequisite for maintaining global peace and well being. But usually, counterintelligence and counterespionage practices have also a trait to create global tensions as well. When these activities infringes upon the privacy and freedom of the citizens, criticism is bound to rise. For example, in the 1970s, FBI in America had pursued callous persecution of the Black radical activists and the American Indian Movement in the name of national security.9 Bruneau and Tollefson have also explained this aspect of counterintelligence by saying that, â€Å"counterintelligence and security intelligence activities have the greatest negative implications for democracy because of their covert surveillance of their citizenry.†10 Also, when the counterintelligence activity of a hostile n ation or agency is unearthed and the propagators are prosecuted, the hostilities may get enhanced. An interesting explanation on intelligence and counterintelligence has been that â€Å"one side’s intelligence failure is likely to be another side’s counterintelligence success. Conversely, an intelligence coup by one country implies a