Creating Web-Based Instructional Materials Essay

INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The World Wide Web (WWW) is changing the way we learn and the way we teach. Teaching has embraced the innovative ways that WWW can offer to users. WWW allows dynamic and interactive ways of teaching things which are impossible on printed materials. There are on-line courses, on-line tutorials and virtual classrooms. The key to the success of these teaching institutions that proliferated in the web are the effective instructional materials. WBT is media-rich training fully capable of evaluation, adaptation, and remediation that can provide the available tools to organize and deliver content into well-crafted teaching systems (Tobin & Kesselman, 1999). PURPOSE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of this document is to create a general guideline in creating web based instruction materials. The document will take into consideration the methods that are familiar to the author. GUIDELINES General Steps The general steps in making web-based instructional materials consist of the following (Clay, Harlan & Swanson, 1997): Determining the core competencies to be included the instructional material Determine the contents of the instructional material based on the core competencies selected. Deciding the method or strategy used to convey to the users the ideas presented. Developing the instructional material as a word processed document, an audio or a video material. Mounting or uploading the material into the web Providing the feedback portal for users Beta Testing Final Modification based on feedback, retest and release Determining the core competencies The very first step is deciding the target core competencies for this instruction material. For example, this instruction material may be intended to teach Basic Algebra, Earth Science or Differential Calculus. This will serve as the goal of the web-based instruction material. The intent of the web-based instruction material is to transfer the core competencies from the instruction material to the user. Brainstorming and visiting existing web based instructional materials are good ways of finding the core competencies. Determining the content   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the core competency has been decided, the next step is to produce a structured content. The content should start from the basic principles of the core competencies towards the complicated areas. The structure therefore should be laid out in such a way that it will start from the least difficult to understand to the most difficult to understand. The content formatting should also take into account that the pre-requisite topics should be place ahead. This means that for the contents that is needed to understand another set of content, should be placed ahead. Deciding the method or strategy The method of presentation should be planned before proceeding to the actual development of the material. The method should be based on the target audience of the instructional material. It should be based on the comprehension level of the audience. Novice audience should be given methods that are easy to comprehend such as more images than words. Expert audiences may be presented with more literals than images to maximize the amount of information. Interactive items such as graphs made using either Flash or Java applet technologies should also be considered to convey the relationship between varying variables which can controlled by the user or audience. Developing the Instructional Material The development of the instructional material shall be done in the software that handles editing of html files or more complex file formats. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are the format of choice as opposed to adobe printable document format (PDF) or word document format. HTML would be more flexible to incorporate interactive objects such as Java applets or Flash Animations. It is the fastest in terms of page loading in the web. The presentation editor software may consist of the following: Microsoft FrontPage Microsoft Word with the proper HTML conversion plugIns HTMLkit Macromedia Flash Adobe Photoshop Other HTML editors and there a thousand available free software in the web At the start, images, interactive applets, video clips, audio clips, or animated gifs shall be prepared ahead using the appropriate software. Graphics should help to convey information and not just be decorative; each page should have a clear title and includes headers and footers (Tobin & Kesselman, 1999). Pictures can be scanned using a scanner to convert into images in jpg, gif, png or bmp format. The other alternative is to take pictures directly using digital cameras. Video clips can be created using digital cameras with video streaming, or using other digital video recorders. Images can be edited using either paint, Microsoft photo editor or more complex image editing tools such as Adobe Photoshop. Interactive applets can be generated using Java Development Kit which can be freely downloaded from the web. In order to be able to run java applets the user PC should have Java Runtime Environment to run java applets, again this can be downloaded for free from the web. Video clips can be prepared using Windows Movie Maker. Animated gifs can be prepared using a number of software free or commercial. These are then integrated into the html file using an html document editor such Microsoft Front Page or HTMLKit. We also need the appropriate sound card and speakers to listen to the audio materials included in the presentation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A summary of all the hardware needed to create instructional materials mentioned above are listed below: PC with Linux or Windows Operating System Scanner to digitize printed pictures and images Digital Camera Digital Video recorders Printers Flash Disk or Pen Drives Sound Card and Speaker Mounting the Material into the Web   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The html files can then be uploaded into the website using either ftp upload or simply using the available upload managers normally provided by web hosting companies. Documents can be linked directly to the directories of the linking page. One of the main aspects when mounting materials into the web is to keep material size to minimum. This would help in the uploading process and also in the loading process of the users. We had to think in terms of kilobyte file sizes, not megabytes because delivery over the Web is too slow to expect users to wait around at your web site for large graphics to appear on their screens (Clay, Harlan & Swanson, 1997). This is because we have to consider that there are still a number of users who are using modems as slow as 28.8 kbps. Providing Feedback Portals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feedback portals, or any form or method that would allow users to provide feedback is a very important part of a web-based instruction material. This will provide an easy way to evaluate, test or improve using feedback from users. Beta Testing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any form of development, testing is always an integral part. By going through all the possible paths of the web-based instruction material and testing every possible path is essential to insure proper operation of the instruction material. This may also include testing on various web browser tools. Different web browser tools may cause some degree of difference in the presentation of html files. This step also includes proofreading of the entire material. Any bugs, errors or unwanted features shall be recorder for modification or correction. Final Modification based on Testing, Retest and Release After the beta testing, the errors shall be corrected and retested until no errors persist. Finally, it shall then be released with a proper version control. References    Clay, S. Harlan, S. and Swanson, J. (1997). Continuing Web Education. Retrieved from the USCB Library website: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/universe/clay.html, on January 16, 2007 Tobin, T. and Kesselman, M, (1999). Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Research. Retrieved from the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions website: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/papers/102-163e.htm   January 17, 2007   

Forensic Psychiatric Units In Uk Health And Social Care Essay

Having established the importance of coloring material in impacting how an interior infinite can do us experience, I am traveling to further research the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite within psychiatric health care scenes. The aspiration is to supply evidence-informed waies for design solutions to advance improved patient results and greater staff satisfaction. This will be of usage to healthcare decision makers, medical professionals, interior decorators and the general populace. There is no scientific grounds to historical beliefs of coloring material ‘s power to mend, but at that place has been a long-standing captivation with the association. The Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians and Persians used coloring material and light therapies as a agency of mending ( Birren 1961 ; Demarco and Clarke 2001 ) . Equally early as 500 BC, Pythagoras is purported to hold used coloring material, music and poesy to bring around disease ( Birren 1961 ) . The Egyptians used coloring material halls within the great temples of Karnack and Thebes, to research their curative impact ( Anderson 1987 ) . Florence Nightingale besides recognised the impact of coloring material and visible radiation on improved wellness results: To any but an old nurse, or an old patient, the grade would be rather impossible to which the nervousnesss of the ill suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same milieus during a long parturiency to one or two suites. The nervous frame truly suffers every bit much from this. The consequence in illness of beautiful objects, of assortment of objects, and particularly of luster of coloring material is barely at all appreciated. I have seen in febrilities, the most acute agony produced from the patient non being able to see out of a window, and the knots in the wood being the lone position. I shall ne'er bury the ecstasy of febrility patients over a clump of bright colored flowers. Peoples say the consequence is merely on the head. It is no such thing. The consequence is on the organic structure excessively. Small as we know about the manner in which we are effected by signifier, by coloring material, and light, we do cognize this, that they have an existent physical co nsequence. Assortment of signifier and luster of coloring material in the objects presented to patients are existent agencies of recovery ( Nightingale 1859 ) . To day of the month, while there have been many surveies on the impact of environment on wellbeing ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ) , no surveies have focussed on the consequence of coloring material, visible radiation and infinite in isolation in a psychiatric infirmary scene ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ) .Mental IllnessBefore the debut of refuges, those enduring from mental unwellness were treated with a ferocious deficiency of feeling, frequently chained at place, or fastened to a interest in a public workhouse or poorhouse. They were often the topic of ridicule, spectacle or public athletics. Early refuges were likened to prisons, with no idea of improved public assistance or therapy. In the early 1800s the term psychopathology was born, together with the construct of psychic medical specialty as scientific discipline. While an mixture of therapies were developed, these were chiefly physical ( Shorter 1997 ) . The refuge seemed a ‘mirror of devastation ‘ . The interi or wards and corridors were â€Å" confined to a fluctuation on two colorss – dark cocoa and buttery viridity. † Walking through the wards, one would see the schizophrenics â€Å" who spend their full twenty-four hours in false statuesque positions aˆÂ ¦.. or swaying rhythmically and indefatigably backwards and forward † ( Rollin 1990 ) .Forensic Mental Health ServicessThe closing of the refuges in the 2nd half of the twentieth Century ( Barham 1992 ; Jones 1993 ) resulted in a switch in accent to community attention of the mentally sick, making spreads in proviso. The demand was for non-acute, medium-secure installations. This gave rise to forensic psychopathology in the 1970 ‘s. Unit of measurements contain earnestly mental ailment patients enduring from schizophrenic disorder, terrible personality upsets, larning disablements, autistic spectrum upsets or other unwellnesss ( Turner and Salter 2008 ) . The forensic mental wellness service provides clinical intervention and rehabilitation for wrongdoers and those at hazard of piquing with mental wellness jobs. Their function is to cut down emphasis to sick persons and its behavioral effects, and minimization of hazard to harm to others through proviso of high and average secure installations ( Department of Health 2007 ) .The Cost and Scope of Mental Health ServicessSurveies have shown every bit many as nine out of every 10 captives has some signifier of mental unwellness ( Singleton, Meltzer et Al. 1998 ) . Fig. 1 indicates a progressive one-year addition of forensic psychiatric patients, lifting from 2,650 in 1996 to about 4,000 in July 2007 ; an addition of 45 % between the period 1996 to 2006. Fig. 2. , shows five old ages and less is normally the length of detainment, but more than a one-fourth stay for over 10 old ages ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . ll high and average secure beds are funded and provided by the NHS. There are about 800 high and 3,500 medium secure beds geographically dispersed ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . As seen in figures 3 and 4, there is a wide age scope of patients, the bulk falling between 26 and 64 old ages of age, with a scope of cultural backgrounds. The estimated overall cost of mental unwellness to the UK is more than ?110 billion a twelvemonth ( Friedli and Parsonage 2007 ) . The authorities has challenged the NHS with happening ?15 – 20 billion of efficiencies in the 3 old ages from 2011 ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . The economic downswing with its societal jobs is likely to worsen the strain on mental wellness resources ( Policy Unit of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Mental Health Network et Al. 2009 ) . Figure 5 shows that the largest spend of mental wellness investing is on clinical services, including acute patient attention, the 2nd largest spend was on secure and high dependence proviso. I had hoped to be able to determine the mean cost per patient for drugs per twelvemonth, but have been unable to obtain this degree of item.Behavioural Issues and Relationships within Forensic Psychiatric HospitalsThroughout history there has been a stigma attached to mental unwellness ( Smith and Giggs 1988 ) , an disposition to handle sick persons as different or unsafe ( Philo 1989 ) . Focault describes mental infirmaries as infinites of medical power where patients are subordinated to medical staff and controlled by wider society, through attitude and because their hospitalization is non ever voluntary. The panoptic nature of psychiatric units creates a power relation between staff and patients ( Foucault 1991 ) which can take to resentment, choler, and defeat, high-lighting the importance o f patient staff relationships. Aggressive and riotous behaviors are the main issues for staff and patients in psychiatric infirmaries ( James, Fineberg et Al. 1990 ; Foster, Bowers et Al. 2007 ) . Patients frequently find it hard to exert power in the procedure of their intervention, feel disrespected and socially constrained ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . The bulk are immature grownup males ( 88 % male, 12 % female ) , with a ratio of one-in-eight female service suppliers ( Rutherford and Duggan 2007 ) . The power relationship between immature grownup males and female staff is likely to be more complex than male to male, because of the patient ‘s feelings of powerlessness. Meehan ‘s survey high spots five major causal subjects for aggressive behavior ; the environment, empty yearss, staff interactions, medicine issues and patient centred factors ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . Medicine was considered by patients a agencies of behavioral control or penalty, instead than a path to wellness, and frequently the cause of unpredictable behavior and aggressive effusions ( Meehan, McIntosh et Al. 2006 ) . It is hard to make a curative environment when ill will is on a regular basis at the bow. The staff are frequent marks of force, doing emphasis and strained relationships ( Daffern, Mayer et Al. 2003 ) . Stress, is a major obstruction to healing and impacts occupation satisfaction and staff turnover ( Paroles 1982 ; Ulrich 1990 ) . Topographic point is tied to the look and formation of an person ‘s sense of individuality and their place in society ( Geores and Gesler 1999 ) . Shared infinite in a psychiatric infirmary can act upon the relationship between staff and patients. Halford and Leonard suggest that, â€Å" Not merely do people do infinites, but infinites possibly used to do people † ( Halford and Leonard 2003 ) . Topographic point evolves from infinite, when personal significance is attached to the infinite ( Buttimer and Seamon 1980 ) . Laischenko believes topographic points organise societal infinite and, hence, societal dealingss and power ( Liaschenko 1994 ) . Forensic psychiatric installations are a premier illustration of such infinites. It is, hence, imperative to see how the infirmary environment respects single personality, penchants, civilization and faith and its impact on emotional and perceptual response to color ( as discussed in my old paper ) . Such elements may besides be to boot modified for the patient ‘s by their unwellness, or forced detainment ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) .The Role of Colour and Light in Forensic Psychiatric Hospital DesignTraditionally the accent for health care design was strictly functional ( Ulrich 2001 ) . There has been a more recent displacement in design accent with sentiment traveling toward health care installations which are psychologically supportive ( Rugs 1989 ) . There is some grounds that environmental stimulations within infirmaries can impact patient results ( Rubin, Owens et Al. 1998 ; Ulrich 2001 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2006 ; Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . In interviews, 45 % of patients with mental wellness issues said ward conditions had a negative consequence on their wellness ( Baker 2000 ) . The restraints and deficiency of pick unfastened to patients of psychiatric wards, and to some extent the staff, means they are even more vulnerable to the quality and effects of their architectural environment ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Wall coloring material and lighting, as an environmental stimulation, is a inexpensive and efficient manner to modify the ambiance of a infinite. Whilst applied research to back up the effects of environmental coloring material within health care installations is limited, there is much to back up the effects of coloring material on emotions and some physiological responses. As antecedently discussed, forensic psychiatric units are fraught with emotional issues, peculiarly aggression and force. The undermentioned subdivision will research the usage of appropriate coloring materials and visible radiation to modify patient behavior and better wellbeing for both patients and staff. With planned authorities support cuts within mental health care, any agencies of cut downing costs, yet bettering results, would be good. This could take the signifier of decreased necessity for medicine, reduced hooliganism and aggression on the wards, and greater staff satisfaction, therefore cut downing turnover and ill leave. Patients can be prone to hallucinations, which can be motivated by under or over stimulation ; hence, an appropriate balance of stimulation is critical in planing psychiatric installations. When the encephalon lacks stimulation from a humdrum environment, other stimulation is sought, either through aggressive behavior, or by withdrawing into a fantasy universe. Conversely, when over stimulated by excessively much information or deficiency of lucidity, centripetal pandemonium ensues, which the patient can non treat or test. Schizophrenia can make troubles in telling, processing and filtrating centripetal informations. Highly saturated colorss can advance synaesthesia to such an extent that sick persons can savor, experience or hear the coloring material. Hallucinations can besides be trigger by spacial semblances, contemplations, excessively patterned or glistening surfaces, lines or cheques. Therefore it is of import to avoid â€Å" ocular noise † , with clear and unsophistica ted signals sing the patient ‘s environment ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . Colour and visible radiation can back up stress decrease by implementing supportive design through usage of visible radiation and coloring material within infinite. The chief triggers for emphasis are loss of freedom or control, often ensuing in violent effusions. This can dwell of loss of freedom of motion and activity and loss of environmental control, in the signifier of degree of stimulation or positive distractions ( Oberascher 2010 ) . Colour is already used within infirmaries to help in manner determination and designation, but can besides lend to designation of topographic point and usage, supplying clear, specific and symbolic points of mention. Clear limit of functional countries through usage of coloring material would cut down confusion and give patients a greater sense of control. For case, a alteration in coloring material of shocking can specify a infinite and its intent, such as unagitated countries for relaxation, versus countries for activity. A combination of warm and cold colors should be used, together with complimentary coloring material niceties. This would convey a degree of rousing from the warm pallet, with chairing composure from the cold pallet ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . The facilitation of personal lighting in patients ‘ suites would enable an component of control of their environment. Progresss in LED engineering have resulted in low-cost coloring material altering visible radiation s, which can bathe a room in a coloring material to fit 1s temper, admiting personal pick and penchant. The coloring material of a room can promote or blockade activities. For illustration, a white room may look unfertile and unwelcoming, hence discourage relaxation and societal interaction, while an excessively colored room every bit anti-social because of its overpowering nature. White should be avoided in expansive countries as it creates a sense of intangibleness, lacks comfort and heat, looking space and empty ( Meerwin and Rodeck 2007 ) . It is of import to make infinites which have a sense of dowdiness within psychiatric installations, to advance feelings of security and stableness ( Curtis, Gesler et Al. 2007 ) . The quality of illuming within a infinite can impact its users in many ways. The term â€Å" ocular elation † in a infinite has been associated with positive degrees of satisfaction for residents ( Jay, Loe et Al. 1997 ) . A survey by Veitch, Newsham et Al showed those who felt their office lighting was of high quality, viewed the infinite as more attractive, showed greater wellbeing at the terminal of the twenty-four hours and reported more pleasant temper ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Satisfaction with illuming contributes to greater environmental satisfaction, taking to improved productiveness, greater occupation satisfaction, which in bend leads to higher degrees of committedness and decreased staff turnover ( Veitch, Newsham et Al. 2008 ) . Cost nest eggs can be found in utilizing tenancy detectors for less used suites and daylight harvest home to maximize free visible radiation beginnings. Entree to natural daytime is besides of import in associating patients and staff to the outside universe and bettering wellbeing ( Ulrich 2001 ; Oberascher 2010 ) , so directing daytime or supplementing with natural daytime bulbs would be supportive. To make greater ocular involvement, a combination of direct and indirect lighting should be used. A deficiency of difference in aglow denseness can make a dull, humdrum ambiance, with textureless surfaces and a shadowless brightness. Direct illuming would ease efficient undertaking public presentation, while indirect illuming would make a more relaxed atmosphere. Daylight is besides of import in keeping the organic structure ‘s natural circadian beat when in infirmary for drawn-out periods, which is the instance for most psychiatric patients. The alteration in light way and strength gives assortment and involvement within the comparatively inactive environment of a infirmary ward ( Okidaira, Kripke et Al. 1983 ) . In the Mental Unit at St Mary ‘s Hospital, London, roof visible radiations are used to make a sense of freedom, despite the degree of security ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Jameso, Love et Al, compared the degrees of rousing among patients held in a confined, ill lit, secure psychiatric unit, compared with those in a bright, broad unit. The latter unit, was positively associated with far less degrees of rousing ( Olver, Love et Al. 2009 ) . Coloring material can besides be used to command reflected visible radiation, cut down blaze and do the most of natural daytime. As discussed earlier, brooding glistening surfaces can trip hallucination in psychiatric patients. Similarly window interventions can function to filtrate daytime through different types of blinds or semitransparent cloths. The coloring material and materiality of blinds and cloths used can hold a pronounced consequence through reflected visible radiation and coloring material ; demonstrated by figure? . For case, wooden blinds can return a heater visible radiation into the room. As figure shows, a strongly coloured bedcover or duvet screen can do a important difference through reflected coloring material. Coloring material introduced through cloths and trappingss can besides make a more ‘homely ‘ feel, breeding a greater sense of comfort and security. Consideration should be given to twenty-four hours and dark illuming strategies in relation to color design, as color render can radically alter under different light beginnings. Surveies on the impact of coloring material within office infinite on the public presentation and temper of its resident ‘s high spots human individualism. Individual ability to test out irrelevant stimulation varies harmonizing to 1s province of temper, whether depressed or happy ( Kwallek, Woodson et Al. 1997 ) . In add-on to utmost instances of schizophrenic disorder and hallucinations, patients in psychiatric infirmaries are more likely to be dying or unsure and accordingly less able to test information ( Dijkstra, Pieterse et Al. 2008 ) . Therefore, the consequence of coloring material should be considered in its context. For case, whilst there is grounds to propose that bluish green colorss can make a calming consequence, they can hold a negative effect on temper for patients with depression and less energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) . This may be utile for privacy suites where the desire is to quiet the patient and dissipate aggression and inordinate energy ( Gutheil and Daly 1980 ) , but non where the purpose is to elate temper. The mix of patients in regard of faith, civilization, sex and age should besides be considered when choosing coloring material, as there is grounds that these elements can besides impact color perceptual experience. Additionally, cubic decimeter can happen no empirical research to determine whether mental unwellness adds yet another distinguishing consideration to responses to color. For case, some mental patients have stated that they have an intolerance of orange and ruddy tones ( Baker 2000 ) . Their intolerance may be independent of their mental unwellness, but this is non clear. With its comprehensive coloring material pallet, nature can further stress recovery through its ability to arouse positive feelings. Research has shown that scenes having nature, in contrast to construct or urban positions, promote faster physiological recovery ( Ulrich 1990 ; Ulrich 2001 ) . Prisoners reported higher degrees of health when cells had Windowss with positions ( Moore 1982 ; West 1985 ) . While it may non ever be possible to supply Windowss with positions within forensic psychiatric infirmaries, the coloring material and signifier of nature can be introduced via art and wall paintings. This would supply ocular stimulation and assortment to both staff and patients in a restricted and confined environment. Backlit screens could be used to expose altering scenes to cut down humdrum. Detention cells, which for grounds of security are frequently windowless, could utilize natural scenes to bring on a sense of composure. A study of staff, visitants and patients at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, claimed 75 % reported the art aggregation reduced their emphasis degrees, improved their temper and took their head off their immediate jobs ( Gesler, Bell et Al. 2004 ) . Ownership of infinite can besides cut down negative behavior or feelings. A corridor could be perceived as an undesignated infinite within a psychiatric infirmary. Transitional infinites, those between assigned infinites, are where most aggression or negative activity occurs ( Boerger and Shepley 1990 ) . In distinguishing the coloring material coating, or possibly presenting wall art, the infinite becomes public and ownership is taken. Connection could be farther introduced by affecting the patients in painting or planing a mural. Patients could personalize the doors to their sleeping rooms. Staff could be involved in the pick of color strategy to their break-out or staff countries to bring forth a sense of ownership and exclusion or reprieve from patients. Plants could be used to convey coloring material to a infinite and besides surrogate ownership by affecting the patients in their attention. Engagement of staff and patients in pick within their environment physiques consensus. F or patients, personal self-respect is really of import in promoting a positive attitude towards staff, intervention and the day-to-day restraints of their lives ( Department of Health 2007 ) . Negative self-image is closely associated with mental unwellness. The degree of ornament within their infinite reflects a positive respectful attitude towards mental unwellness. Christenfeld et Al found that patients ‘ negative self-image improved in a remodelled ward ( Christenfeld, Wagner et Al. 1989 ) .DecisionMental unwellness in the UK is increasing yearly, bing the authorities one million millions of lbs each twelvemonth. The Government is demanding NHS efficiencies to suit support decreases over the following 3 old ages. I believe there is a existent chance to act upon wellbeing for both patients and staff through the use of coloring material and visible radiation within forensic psychiatric installations. This would be a low cost intercession which could hold a figure of benefits if implemented in an informed mode. It could help in bettering behavior and decrease in the usage of medicine, with attendant cost nest eggs. It could besides help in bettering staff morale and keeping through improved patient wellbeing affecting less intercession. While there is no scientific grounds to back up historical beliefs of the ability of coloring material to mend, there is strong indicant of its ability to consequence temper and some physiological responses. Chemical reaction to color is driven by cognitive and direct physiological response. For this ground, idea should be given to the single features of patients when implementing a coloring material and illuming design strategy, such as age, sex, civilization, etc. Within psychiatric installations there are extra factors to see, such as ability to filtrate ocular ‘noise ‘ , which in many instances is more utmost than in persons without mental unwellness. I believe this is an country which would profit from farther research to supply more elaborate counsel. Colour and illuming design has the ability to carry through a figure of standards in its spacial and atmospheric atmosphere. For illustration, usage of coloring material on walls, bedding and trappingss can make a sense of place, conveying heat, security, trust and stableness, which is critical in supplying a curative environment for psychiatric patients ; frequently missing in their lives outside of infirmary. Clear limits and use of infinite can be created to understate confusion and emphasis through stimulation and distinction of spacial qualities. Used in context, coloring material can promote appropriate temper, behavior and responses. Colour and light can be used to heighten degrees of attending and concentration by direction of warm and cold colors. Contact and interaction with the environment and the outside universe can be enhanced by the use and use of natural daytime. Daylight and unreal visible radiation can be controlled to pull off or heighten degrees of reflected visible radiation to better coloring material render or grades of contemplation from surfaces. Consensus between staff and patients can be achieved through engagement with picks in their milieus ; furthering positive relationships. The staff could be given autonomy to make a relaxed infinite off from patients. The patients could hold the chance to command personal lighting and coloring material. Choice of graphics, wall paintings, personalisation of sleeping room doors, could all function to construct ownership, taking to higher degrees of satisfaction. Authorization can cut down emphasis in patients who feel constrained by their state of affairs and status, better patient self-respect and self-image. Nature ‘s coloring material pallet and iconography can be used to arouse positive feelings. This can be done in a figure of originative ways, through art, digital imagination, wall paintings and colorss used on walls, stuffs and trappingss.Constraints and RecommendationsFor security grounds I have been unable to derive entree to a forensic psychiatric unit, so hold relied on secondary research. Whilst there is an increasing involvement in curative environments within health care installations, there is small research concentrating specifically on the impact of coloring material and visible radiation. I have been unable to happen empirical research on the effects of coloring material and visible radiation within psychiatric installations and experience that much could be gained for both staff and patients from such probe.

Right action (Respect for others) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Curriculum Trends Paper [Education] Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Curriculum Trends Paper [Education] - Essay Example Consequently, the academia across the world, especially the educational curriculum needs to undergo far-reaching transformation so that our children can effectively meet the needs of the changing times. The compulsions of the present times require versatility in the work ideology and functioning, thus making it imperative that new skills and strategic paradigms are evolved to meet the emerging challenges with efficiency and unmatched proficiency. The process of globalization and advancing technology which has brought about huge plethora of issues, need to be incorporated in the curricula. Education serves as the most effective platform to introduce changes within the social fabric of countries across the world. The graph shows the two years comparative of completion and persistence of post secondary students (graph 1, appendix) UNESCO has observed that â€Å"the diversity, complexity, and changing nature of basic learning needs of children, youth and adults necessitate broadening and constantly redefining the scope of basic education† (UNESCO, 1995). Four major factors have been identified that have major impact on the society and the incorporation of strategic flexibility i n the curricula is expected to facilitate the wide ranging ramifications of these factors. In the next ten years, the curriculum is expected to incorporate the following changes within its strategic goals and objectives. Globalization has brought together people from different cultures, religion, nation and races. The need to evolve common values and collective goals for societies so that people from diverse fields comprising different race, religion, color and culture may coexist in relative harmony and mutual cooperation has become imperative. The table indicates gender wise ethnic diversity in United State (table 1, appendix). Huntington reflects that â€Å"the great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural†(Huntington, 1993). Some of the negative

How has the cultural identity of China responded to and adapted to Essay

How has the cultural identity of China responded to and adapted to contact with foreigners - Essay Example Evidently, this goes to show that despite the achieved modernization of China in its economic, socio-political state of affairs, among others, it proved to the world that it has truly maintained its cultural identity. Maybe one inquisitive critic would like to know the factors how China kept its culture through all these years amidst the salient events that led to the great transformation of China from what it was before, having a weak economy, to what it has become today, a sprawling economic giant in East Asia and these are the issues which this paper intends to present. China’s achievements all these years may be traced from a number of significant events in its history that involved politics, culture and economic reforms that shaped China’s destiny and these can be viewed separately in four phases. First phase involved Ancient China. In its early beginnings, China started to be governed by feudalism and monarchy altering one dynasty after another. In fact, â€Å"it was the Han dynasty which was considered the East Asian counterpart of and contemporary of Rome’s golden age rule† (Cultural Essentials 2004). â€Å"Ruling China for more than 400 years was reasonable enough to expect that it left lasting legacies in China and to the world like the invention of the first ‘paper’ and the adoption of Confucianism. ... â€Å"This probably explains why it was so difficult then for China to accept modernization.† (Wu, J. n.d.). It was also during the â€Å"four decades of Mao Tse Tung’s rule and his declaration of ‘self-reliance’ marked the deepest period of withdrawal from the international economy.† (Schenk 2006). â€Å"Contacts with the outside world were treated as risks to come with political destabilization; economic exploitation and cultural subversion thus, must be totally restricted and regulated† (Harding 1993). It took so many years for the traditional China to keep its state of affairs closed from the Western world. The third phase begins with Western intrusion to China’s affairs whereby there were sporadic internal uprisings opposing to foreign encroachments, for example the â€Å"Opium Rebellion in 1839-1842† (Ebrey, 1993) and â€Å"Boxer Rebellion in 1900† (Rosenberg 2013). â€Å"Milestones also occurred between 1899-1900 w hen US Secretary of State John Hay first initiated the ‘Open Door Policy’ through Notes†( US Department of State, n.d.) which actually was a scuttle for concessions in China, so to speak ,among superpowers. This was also the period of Cultural Revolution as well as the momentum when China opted to adopt new economic and political reforms. The fourth phase is Contemporary China. Presently, China sprawls as the largest country in East Asia dealing with approximately almost â€Å"1.4 Billion people† (China: World Statistics 2013). Finally, it was during â€Å"the era of Deng Xiaoping that changed the course of the world by steering China’s class-oriented revolutionary struggle into tangible, economic development† (Chihua & Lin 2007). â€Å"Actually, it was considered a period of sustained reforms under his leadership† (Kau &

Service management marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Service management marketing - Case Study Example The nature of the relationship between each service-oriented facility and the end consumer is based on separate transactions that can occur continuously, that is, a client can buy or sell an item through EBay and Amazon at any time, but each physical sales transaction is a singular event. The benefits of EBay and Amazon to sellers are global recognition and ease of use. Each service allows any retailer or private party to advertise their product via the Internet, and so each product has the potential of reaching millions of viewers internationally. The service encounter is fairly well-received, although due to the direct nature, a person may experience difficulties with a particular seller or buyer. The service facilities of both EBay and Amazon are Internet based E-commerce. Service interaction is mainly the computer interface, although this can also be done by cellular phone, PDA, and any other medium of connecting to the Internet. The role of customers in EBay and Amazon is highly imperative to the service. Each customer can be defined as a buyer or seller of a product, and in turn these people can review and leave feedback for interactions of other buyers and sellers of products. Direct contact with EBay and Amazon is rare in the person to person domain; however, both companies have continuous updates, newsletters, service additions, and so forth that are centered on improving the customer experience. The concern is that these communications are largely one-way, contact with EBay and Amazon disseminates from EBay or Amazon, and not from the customer. Demand for EBay services is high. Recently, Bob Swan CFO of EBay announced at the at Merrill Lynch Internet, Software & Services Conference that: the biggest piece of it [EBay] is the large and growing core business, or the eBay platform. With a global presence in 33 markets, transacting $1,800 of goods per day, with over -- I'm sorry -- per second -- with over 6.6 million new listings added per day, and 45,000 developers leveraging our APIs, we've grown from over 222 million users on this site as we exit 2006. And we've processed $52 billion of global merchandise value on the site during the course of 2006, as a whole (Fair Disclosure Wire pp 7 2007). Amazon has similar consumer demand structure, with 9.7 billion dollars in annual revenue, but where EBay applies a global presents, multi-functional consumerism and value strategy, Amazon appeals to the customer services and their capabilities, according to Adam Selipsky, vice president, product management and developer relations, Amazon.com Inc: "As with most good ideas, we come at things from two different directions: What do people need, and what can we do well" says Selipsky. "We look internally and ask, 'what do we have built, or what can we build with our world-class engineering talent that would justify creating a business"' (Cone p 51 2007).

Influence of African Art on European and American Art since 19th Research Paper

Influence of African Art on European and American Art since 19th century - Research Paper Example The main factor that makes the African art to be influential is the fact that most of the African artwork were designed during the colonial times and hence had direct impact on the European and American who were the major colonialist. Most of the African art were designed to expose the limitations imposed on the Africans by the colonialist. A study that was conducted by Salah that explored the twentieth century history and sociology of the western countries reveals that most of famous and creative artist comes from previously colonized territories, including Africa, London and Rome. This signifies the fact that Africans played a significant role in shaping the art industry both in Africa and western communities. The study states that the intellectual employed by African during production of its art is essential to understanding the global modernity. This is because most of the African art overlaps with that of the European counterparts. African artist employed different styles in the ir artwork. These include the Masquerade and masking traditions have a role of underlining the historical continuities with a pre-colonial past. The use of these forms of tradition compounded by creativity employed has made most of the African art to be among the most admired. It has encouraged the modernist from the entire continent to continually engage in African masking traditions. They masking and masquerade constitute the major forms of art of presenting a person. In order to fully discuss the reasons behind the superiority of African art, it is important to first explore the meaning of the term Africa (Sey 459). From artistic point of view, Africa is described as a complex intellectual construct that signify different opinions. Africa integrates certain cultural values, cultural features and values meant to depict Africa as a continent (Salah 472). One unique thing about Africa and art is that Africa went through a myriad of political and social changes. Africa is a continent with a lot of experiences in aspects such as slavery, colonialism and diasporization of African people and cultures. Because of all these experience, Africa is a complex continent. This is why most of the artistic activities made in Africa are outstandingly unique. They are normally carved out based on the cultures, experiences and the day to day encounters. This means that artwork is just a representation of social or political phenomena. In this context the African art are products of the historically complex encounters. One thing that should be notes as far as African art concerns the dynamic nature of the artwork (Salah 452). Social changes that are

You guys have to write through order instruction Assignment

You guys have to write through order instruction - Assignment Example Some of the questions that could be raised from the support given by Kiev are how the country could provide enough money to get military airplanes and helicopters against the countries in the east which were against the European Union, yet it had amassed huge debts and was on the brink of civil war. The film could also be interpreted as a western imperialism in that there was massive influence of the west. There were billions of dollars that were paid from the United States to help Ukraine pay back Russia for the deliveries of gas for the country. According to some journalists, the United States believed that they could buy their way out problems by using money. They believed that they could gain more friends by helping the ailing nations financially (Taddonio). By not mentioning the help that the United States was not mentioned, the film could have been more critical. Instead, it only painted the picture of a warring poor nation which could hardly support themselves throughout the war. The movie could do better if it had been more critical. Taddonio, Patrice. Tuesday on FRONTLINE: â€Å"Battle Zones: Ukraine & Syria. 22 May 2012. 23 January 2015.

Genders at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Genders at work - Essay Example Griffith & Goodwin (2012) observe that the childhood behavioral patterns are carried onto the workplace culture. Segregation between the male and female groups is also a characteristic that is evident in the workplace. Men form more cohesive groups that are greatly concerned with competition and turf protection (Griffith & Goodwin, 2012). Women groups on the other hand are less cohesive but demonstrate high levels of democracy and avoidance of confrontation (Griffith & Goodwin, 2012). These characteristics are very applicable in solution development and conflict management within the organization. From the above discussion, male employees are less likely to resort to democracy compared to female employees. In the occurrence of a problem that requires a solution; male employees are more likely to resort to fast solution development choices that will not require extensive consultancy techniques. However, the female trait in avoiding confrontations would lead to the development of the fairest and most democratic choice of solution, with the aim of providing the most satisfactory solution (Griffith & Goodwin, 2012). Indeed the gender role in the workplace influences decision making processes and most especially in problem solving situations. The discussion concludes that male employees are less likely to go for an extensive problem inquiry compared to their female

Resource and Talent Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Resource and Talent Planning - Essay Example Table of Contents 1.Introduction 4 2.The War for Talent 5 3.Factors affecting the War for Talent 6 4.Talent Management during Economic Downturns 7 4.1 Recruitment and Selection 8 4.2 Training and Development 9 4.3 Talent Retention 10 5.Conclusion 11 1. Introduction The war for talent has been as a result of an expanding global economy. This is because it has led to increased competition for talent around the globe. During times of slow economic growth or unusual economic crisis, management of talent remains a critical issue for organisations. This is because during such times, companies stand to lose valuable talents among their employees, if not careful. In order to succeed in the competitive global marketplace, organisations need to manage talent. Lockwood defines talent management as the application of systems created to improve productivity in the workplace or unified approaches by establishing better methods for inviting, cultivating, maintaining and deploying individuals with t he essential skills and abilities to fulfil present and forthcoming business needs (2006). It is a fact that the greatest challenge companies’ face in managing their work force is developing and retaining talent. Just like the rest of the world, talent management is constantly progressing. Different other factors also come into play in the effort to manage talent within organisations. These include partnerships, global development, and the economy that is constantly changing (Lockwood, 2006). At the centre of talent management is the belief that talent begins from the bottom of organisations and is present in individuals at all levels, and therefore everyone ought to be considered. The war for talent is influenced by factors such as increased movement of people across the globe, irreversible changes to cultures, skills and business environments, economic and demographic trends across the globe, and diversity, which all lead to competition for labour and labour shortages in or ganisations. To counter this, especially during times of slow economic growth, organisations focus on recruiting top talent, training and developing talent, and retaining good employees as discussed in this paper. 2. The War for Talent The term ‘The War for Talent’ was created by McKinsey & Company in 1997. During the time that this term came to being, many organisations had been experiencing the phenomenon associated with it, but they could not fully express it. According to Michaels, Handfield-Jones and Axelrod, â€Å"the economy was burning white hot in the late 1990s and companies were scrambling to hire and retain the people they needed† (2001, p. 1). During this time, organisations were offering substantial bonuses for those who signed contracts with them, highly qualifies employees were being headhunted before they even settled in their new jobs and majority of them were asking for salary increments barely three months after joining organisations (Michaels , Handfield-Jones and Axelrod, 2001). Companies experienced shortages for qualified employees to fill crucial positions, while those that were esteemed with such talents, such as consulting firms and

To teach children Essay Example for Free

To teach children Essay The lesson plans on Comparing poems and patterns tested the students’ abilities to distinguish similarities and differences. Asking the students about details on the story helps them comprehend the story well. The Venn diagram visually segregates the commonalities and the differences. The lesson plan on patterns also made them aware of colors and shapes and sizes which is good for all members of the family. Many children enter first grade with the expectation that they are going to learn to read. They have enjoyed a variety of experiences that have made them aware of the fact that spoken language can be represented by written forms. Not including the children who are among the 1 to 2 percent who can read primary-level materials when they enter first grade, in the first grade that I am handling, there are several children who can identify familiar brand names they have seen advertised on television and in the supermarket, recognize road signs, and read their own and possibly some of their friends’ names. From having looked on and asked what a word was as someone read to them they have learned to recognize the written forms for a few familiar words. The might also know, from having followed along as parents or teachers read to them, that one reads a line from left to right and proceeds from the end of one line to the beginning of the next line. Other children might not have enjoyed similar experiences, although they may be just as eager to learn to read. For these as well as the other children, an environment that stimulates a curiosity about and interest in reading will provide the setting and a reason for learning to read. What can a teacher do to make the classroom a laboratory for beginning reading? Here are some suggestions from my own experience: Fill bookshelves with colorful picturebooks and storybooks. These are books which children can look at themselves or which will be read to them. Place some books on a table to attract the children’s attention. Some might be open to encourage handling and examination. Chairs should be placed nearby for anyone who wishes to look at the books. Attach children’s name tags, written in manuscript, to the front of each one’s place at a table or desk. The same might be done to identify the children’s storage bins and clothes hangers. Attach signs, in manuscripts, to objects or stations in the rooms – For example, the words—window, door, supplies, pencils, crayons, etc. One of the purposes for having these captions, signs and labels in the classroom is to help the children become word conscious. Another is to convey the idea that written words may be used like spoken ones. A third purpose is to provide Here is an example of a lesson plan aimed at teaching children how to begin reading. LESSON PLAN AIM: To teach children how to begin reading MOTIVATION: How children respond to different kinds of experiences provides a good indication of what they are likely to do when they are exposed to more formal reading activities. LINK TO PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: The synthetic approach—the study of separate sounds with their associated written forms followed by the blending of known sounds into words—is not preferred. Two other systems, treated separate or blended into a favorable mix, some closer to meeting children’s learning requirements; these are the language-experience approach to reading and the basal reading program. Each program is characterized by its own set of distinctive features, although variations in the ways they are developed are common.

Sexual and Gender Identity, Personality, and Eating Disorders, classifications, components Essay Example for Free

Sexual and Gender Identity, Personality, and Eating Disorders, classifications, components Essay Abnormal disorders diagnosed in the DSM-IV-TR, a multi-axial diagnostic tool, used by clinicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, and medical professionals for the classification of mental disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). Axis I and Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR covers classifications of mental disorders that include unwelcome types of distress and impairment, that constitutes mental disease, disorder, and or disability. This paper takes into account the diagnostic categories of sexual and gender identity, personality and eating disorders along with the basic distinction. Axis I and Axis II provides a quick reference for the three disorders. Sexual and gender identity disorders tend to be deviant, unsuspecting, fetishism,and erotic. Personality disorders tend to be enduring, pervasive, and subjectively indistinguishable; whereas eating disorders include feelings of hunger, are self-induced, self-defeating, and emotional. This paper will address the biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of three Axis I and Axis II, sexual and gender identity, personality and eating disorders: anorexia bulimia, a, gender identity, exhibitionism, schizoid, paranoid. Diagnose and evaluate our case analysis of Alfred C. Kinsey, inadequate feeling of himself, which gained him explicit interest in sex. Major DSM Categories Sexual and Gender Identity Sex and gender disorders fall into the Axis I categories of: sexual dysfunctions, sexual desire, sexual arousal, sexual pain disorders, orgasmic, Paraphilia’s, and gender identity disorder. When considering sex and gender disorders it is imperative to keep in mind that normal and abnormal behaviors occur on continuing bases and that the factors of impairment and distress most often signify abnormality (Hansell Damour, 2008). Personality Disorder This classification begins with the general definition of personality disorder that has an unhealthy array of behaving, thinking and functioning that applies to each 10 personality disorders these include: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Axis II disorders are more pervasive and less able to be independently distinguished. Personality disorders still include the elements of distress and impairment as guidelines for the diagnosis of dysfunction. Eating Disorder The DSM-IV-TR includes two Axis I categories of eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, restricting to binge-eating, purging types, and bulimia nervosa restricting to purging and non-purging types. Anorexia nervosa affects between 0. 5% and 1% of the general population in the United States currently and bulimia nervosa affects up to 3% (Hansell Damour, 2008). When considering eating disorders it is important to take into account that some sub-groups in the American culture have extremely low body, such as gymnast and models, which complicates the diagnosis of eating disorders. Components of Sexual and Gender Identity Biological There are many biological factors that can affect sexual function. Biological components include aging, cigarette smoking, poor diet, medications, medical illness, brain injuries, and some degenerative diseases have been implicated in paraphilia’s. Research has discovered a connection in gender identity disorder to predispositions in the endocrine system which affects sexual and gender behaviors (Hansell Damour, 2008). Emotional Freud believed deviant sexual behavior is a defense mechanism in response to an internal emotional conflict and such behaviors provide a protective function. The inability to cope with and exert control over past humiliation fits right into paraphilia’s (Hansell Damour, 2008). In gender identity disorders, research emphasizes deviant or deficient parental relationships (Hansell Damour, 2008). Cognitive The greatest component that affects sexual functioning is anxiety. It is generally fluid by cognitive aspects such as psychological hang ups and emotional response. The individual is sexually aroused to deviant stimuli, which create maladaptive thought processes to accommodate the perceived deviance. The inappropriate behavior  preserve the maladaptive thoughts required to accommodate the behavior (Hansell Damour, 2008). Behavioral Deviant sexual behavior can be learned by observing abnormal sexual behavior or participating in such behavior. Children rewarded for inappropriate sexual behaviors, (such as viewing or participating in pornography) can develop paraphilia. Therapy can focus on re-establishing healthy sexual behavior by reinforcing more appropriate behaviors (Hansell Damour, 2008). Components of Personality Disorder Biological Many personality disorders have been linked to genetics. Biological components disorders in personality disorders include altered brain structures, reduced gray and white matter, various neurotransmitter abnormalities, prenatal substance exposure, and low serotonin levels. The beliefs that some personality is the result of an overlap of genetics and environmental effects. Emotional Personality disorders generally reflect a disruptive childhood from which the child learns to rely on maladaptive defense mechanisms. Parental criticism and ridicule are central themes underlying these disorders. Additional research supports claims of childhood sexual or physical abuse, although this is not always characteristic in these disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). Cognitive Cognitive components of personality disorders include the understanding that childhood experiences shape specific thought patterns or outlines, which have a significant effect on patterns of the individual’s behavior and perception which later becomes the personality. Maladaptive belief’s and behaviors are characteristics in personality disorders were therapy works towards replacing these beliefs and behaviors with more effective and useful ones. Behavioral Personality disorder are produced by maladaptive behaviors and thought processes created in childhood which persist because individuals are usually attracted to experiences that fit into their lives whether or not they are maladaptive. Therefore the maladaptive behaviors are maintained. People affected with personality disorders dictate underlining beliefs onto every facet of their lives, yet they have difficulty questioning these beliefs (Hansell Damour, 2008). Components of Eating Disorders Biological Biological components include a genetic factors, hormonal and neural abnormalities. Individuals who have hormonal and neural abnormalities tend to have no control over their eating habits, which causes them unleveled amounts of hormones related to hunger. Bulimia nervosa is linked to low hormone amount that suppress the appetite, this causes the individual to feel excessively hungry. It is the reverse case for anorexia nervosa. Emotional Eating disorder may be a complex reaction to high expectations set by parents and promoted by the individual. The body image becomes the high standard to an individual and not achieving it becomes the emotional instability part of their lives. Many strive toward high expectations and suffer the effects of not reaching those (Hansell Damour, 2008). Cognitive According to Hansell and Damour (2008), cognitive explanations of eating disorders emphasizes on rigid maladaptive beliefs, fixed thought patterns, self-defeating and self-perpetuating behavioral strategies. Cognitive explanations of eating disorders focus on eating or starvation that reinforces eating. Individual have distorted thoughts about food, body weight, body images and persevere in the belief they need to lose weight, or are afraid of gaining weight. Behavioral People with eating disorders participate in behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, binging, and excessive exercise after eating in an effort to maintain their body weight. In anorexia individuals find comfort in starvation. Eating disorders are a result of inappropriate thoughts that reinforce haphazard eating behaviors (Hansell Damour, 2008). Case Analysis of Alfred C. Kinsey Alfred C Kinsey grew up with a controlling father, which caused him feeling of inadequacy. His family consisted of both parents, himself, very little affection and seemingly sexless household. His inadequate feeling gave Kinsey to accelerate greatly in school and on into his adult life. Using his doctoral degree as a sex education professor, Kinsey married having a family with 4 children, whom viewed sex with openness, allowing nudity in the house. Kinsey interest in sex was extreme and his goal was to â€Å"discover every single thing people did sexually† (Gathorne-Hardy, 1998, p. 182). Kinsey opened Institute for sex research and published the Kinsey report. It then generated two books on sexual behavior. Both books and Kinsey sexual practice throughout his life gave a lot of controversial and extreme allegations, that Kinsey was bisexual, played in masochistic sexual practices and engaged in child sexual abuse. Biological Kinsey family life consisted of both parents, displaying very little affection which caused Kinsey to believe it was a sexless marriage, with a controlling father. Kinsey grew an inadequate feeling about himself. He gained a need to excel academic wise causing him to gather all information possible about others sex lives. He became upset with his sex life as well as others. His marriage and family life dealt with his explicit interest in sex. Emotional Kinsey questions his own sexuality in adolescence and adulthood. Kinsey displayed a need for self-assurance through validation of his achievements. Kinsey â€Å"was a very sickly throughout his childhood and felt demeaned by his father† (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009,). Kinsey felt as the â€Å"authorities† on sexual research and education. Kinsey gathered and engaged in illegal sexual acts. Cognitive Kinsey thinking was prevalent to psychosexual disorder as the result of faulty socialization and learning, affected by genetic and temperament variables. The psychosexual disorder carries significance development of deviant and disrupted sexual behavior. Kinsey, not caring about his sexual apparatus, bisexual or participating in masochistic united his psychosexual disorder with a gender identity. Behavioral Kinsey â€Å"variation in sexual behavior are limited only by an individual’s imagination† (Laws O’Donohue, 2008; Sbrage O’Donohue, 2004). Kinsey behavior was repressed without any sexual acts. Census had Kinsey bisexual and engaging in Masochistic sexual practices. Conclusion In conclusion, even though impairment and distress are the primary diagnostic criteria for the verdict of abnormal disorders in both Axis I and Axis II disorders, the two categories can still are distinguished through the pervasiveness and subjective assessment of the personality disorder. Axis I categories of bulimia nervosa, sexual and gender disorder, exhibitionism are all rooted in biological or genetic predispositions that find their expression through sociocultural, affective, and behavioral triggers. By addressing these components biological, emotional, cognitive and behavioral factors in these disorders, psychological science develops a more clear understanding of these disorders in an effort to engage the individuals in successful therapeutic applications. Alfred C. Kinsey grew up with a controlling father and a sexless household. But in the long run his life was filled with sexual practices and controlling deviance behavior which initialed him with psychosexual disorder and carefree form of gender identity.

Analysing The Effects Of Voting Apathy In Democracy Politics Essay

Analysing The Effects Of Voting Apathy In Democracy Politics Essay What is apathy and does it threaten our democracy? During the course of this investigation, I argue that ones understanding of apathy is dependent entirely upon ones interpretation of the term democracy. Beginning with an explanation of the ways in which apathy is apparent within politics, I then attempt to address its causes, concluding that feelings of disconnection and disenchantment with political parties, along with social status and education, are the main determinants of political participation. After doing this, I examine elitist and participatory attitudes towards democracy, finding the concept of apathy within both schools of thought to be radically different. The phenomenon of apathy within politics is usually seen to be expressed through a lack of participation during elections, a failure to engage in discussion and failure to contribute to matters of local significance. It is often measured by examining electoral turnout. Since the middle of the twentieth century many established liberal democracies have experienced declining electoral participation. Indeed, during the 2001 general election, the UK experienced its lowest level of turnout since the introduction of universal suffrage  [1]  . This situation has also been experienced throughout much of the Western world. As Hay (2007) suggests, democratic systems of government clearly require some form of participation in order to appear legitimate, with turnout rates having now fallen low enough to give considerable cause for concern  [2]  . Figure 1 (p.11) represents the average turnout during European and American elections since 1945, whilst figure 2 (p.12) displays the maximum and minimum levels of turnout over a similar period. As the figures show, to experience turnout of below 50% in any election raises many questions about the health of a democracy and the legitimacy of electoral results. How can a government which claims to represent the people be seen as legitimate if more than half of those eligible to vote did not do so? Political apathy as represented through non-voting would seem to have created a crisis of legitimacy. However, to concentrate on electoral participation as the only measure of a healthy democracy is to ignore the many other measurements which characterise a democratic state, such as access to free elections, freedom of speech, or the independence of the judiciary. The way in which one views the significance of participation depends entirely upon which democratic theory is found more convincing, and is an issue which is addressed in greater detail later. So why have participation rates declined so dramatically over recent decades? The Power Inquiry, a 2006 study into political disengagement within the UK, found the most significant factors to be a sentiment amongst voters that their views are simply ignored by politicians and that their opinions are not taken sufficiently into account by the process of political decision-making  [3]  , along with the widely held belief that the main political parties are too similar in character and lacking firm beliefs. Further to this, it was discovered that a lack of understanding or knowledge of political debate and the workings of democracy also increased non-participation  [4]  . A growing distrust of politicians and of politics in general within Western populations has also fostered apathetic sentiment. Within Britain especially, this corrosive cynicism  [5]  has been fuelled by decades of sex and political scandals, corrupt practices and abuse of the parliamentary system. Indeed, the 2010 British Social Attitudes survey found severe distrust of politicians had risen from only 11% in 1987 to 40% today  [6]  . It is perhaps no coincidence that declining participation has occurred during a period where distrust of politicians has risen. Social status and education also play significant roles in determining political participation. Lower class identifiers have historically felt less inclined to participate, either electorally, through conversation with peers, or through membership of an organisation. The link is confirmed by Beeghley (1986), who provides data suggesting a positive correlation between income and participation  [7]  . However, Hillygus (2005) finds that it is education which plays the decisive role as a determinant of future political participation  [8]  . She suggests that in the majority of analyses, education remains the strongest determinant of participation even when measured against other socio-economic factors such as class, gender or race  [9]  . Figure 3 (p.13) demonstrates the relationship between verbal SAT scores (US) and expected future levels of political participation, whilst figure 4 (p.14) shows the pattern repeated, but concerning voting only. We have outlined some possible causes of apathy, finding that non-participation has increased dramatically over recent decades. But is this phenomenon harmful to democracy? As touched upon earlier, the answer to this question depends entirely upon how one understands the meaning of the term democracy. The elitist theory of democracy, centred on a faith in the merits of representative democracy, is rooted in the belief that an enlightened few should control public policy- elitist theorists believing that the masses are too uneducated or uninterested to exercise judgement. Indeed, Bachrach (1980) states that the elite is enlightened, thus its policy is bound to be the public interest  [10]  . Rather than concentrating upon participatory opportunities to assess the health of a democracy, elitists view access to elections and the responsiveness of those elected as the key measure of a democracy  [11]  . All that is required to validate an electoral result is at least some degree of participation (voting). A degree of apathy is to be welcomed, as it is assumed that those who do vote are those with enough knowledge to do so. Elitist theorists such as Schumpeter argue against the classical conception of mass participation, believing that [m]any decisions of fateful importance are of a nature that makes it impossible for the public to experiment with them  [12]  . Matters of national importance, then, are better resolved by elites. Direct participation is not necessary, or desirable, from the public. A central argument of the elitist school is the belief that some measure of apathy within a society actually helps strengthen democracy by stabilising the system of elitist rule. Bachrach (1980) provides a succinct critique of elitist thinking regarding apathy; the ordinary man still plays a role in the system since he has the freedom to vote, to bring pressure upon political elites, and to attempt himself to rise to an elite position. But by and large he does, and is expected to, remain relatively passive in fact the health of the system depends upon it. For if he becomes too activeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦political equilibrium is thrown out of balance  [13]  . Berelson, Lazarsfeld McPhee (1954) add to this by suggesting that low participation rates help established political parties (elites), by preventing the fragmentation of votes towards smaller parties, which would otherwise gain popularity as a result of greater participation. Additionally, low interest provides manoeuvring room for political shifts necessary for a complex society in a period of rapid change  [14]  . Underpinning this is the belief that all societies will inevitably come to be dominated by small minorities, even those which have experienced proletarian revolution (such as the post-revolutionary Soviet Union). As Michels would have it, society cannot exist without a dominant or political class  [15]  . Further to this, Dye Zeigler (2009) believe that a strong democracy does not depend upon mass participation, stating that the masses tend to hold antidemocratic beliefs. They contend that an increase in participation would undermine democracy  [16]  , claim ing it to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the irony of democracy that democratic ideals survive because the masses are generally apathetic and inactiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦all that is necessary is that they fail to commit themselves actively to antidemocratic movements  [17]  . Elitists, then, see apathy as essential as a means of shoring up their dominant position over the masses they certainly do not see it as a threat to our democracy. Contrary to the position of the elitists, participatory democrats champion the concept of direct democracy as opposed to the representative system present in liberal democracies today. They see existing institutional structures as being designed to discourage mass participation, wishing instead to foster a situation whereby citizens actively attend meetings, deliberate, discuss and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦participate in the executive arm of government and the workplace. For participatory democrats, The process of taking part becomes integral to democracyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the decisive test of a democracy is its capacity to encourage its population to play an active role in its government  [18]  . This is clearly in stark contrast to the elitist understanding of democracy, which views any form of direct involvement by citizens, with the exception of voting, as unnecessary and potentially dangerous. Pateman (1970) believes that it is a lack of participatory institutions which prevents political engagement in a representative system. Citing empirical studies, she argues that political efficacy and an increased willingness to participate are best fostered through direct participation at a local or workplace level, arguing that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the experience of participation in some way leaves the individual better psychologically equipped to undertake further participation in the future  [19]  . Bowler Donovan (2002) confirm this link, by suggesting that American states which make use of direct citizen initiatives help to increase the efficacy of their populations  [20]  . Barber (1984) and Pitkin Shumer (1982) see the main component of a strong democracy as active participation by citizens rather than through a reliance on representatives  [21]  22. Barber argues that citizens should be free to make political decisions not necessarily at every level and in every instance  [23]  , but often enough and in areas where significant issues which may affect them are to be considered. He advocates the creation of institutions designed to facilitate a civic participation, with the aim of fostering discussion, deliberation and eventually the formation of legislation the process of which he refers to as common work. He goes on to suggest that under the present form of liberal democracy, voters do not participate in the governing of a country at all the act of voting simply serving as a method by which to select various elites. It is only once masses start deliberating, acting, sharing, and contributing, they cease to become masses and become citizens. Only then do they participate'  [24]  . It is evident that apathy is certainly not a desirable feature within the participatory democrat interpretation of democracy. Any amount of apathy within a polity would create a situation whereby those who did actively participate would find themselves becoming a form of elite- those unwilling to contribute simply pass their responsibility to another, trusting them to make the right decisions. Evidently, this is not much better than the representative status quo. Apathy, then, is a symptom of a weak democracy, as the role of participation is paramount to its success. But should participation be defined as active involvement by the public, as participatory democrats argue, or is the simple act of voting enough? If participation is taken as meaning direct citizen involvement, then apathy is certainly a threat to legitimacy. If democracy is government by the people, how can a result hope to be considered legitimate in a situation where less than fifty percent of a population express an opinion? If however the elitist approach is followed and participation is limited to voting only, then to a degree the public does indeed take part in the democratic process via the choosing of the elites which are to lead them. It is through the act of voting during elections that a government can claim legitimacy. As long as there is some degree of participation, this is all that matters. As such, apathy should not be seen as a threat to the legitimacy of a result. Clearly, the gulf between elitists and participatory democrats is vast. They hold diametrically oppose d ideas as to the consequence of apathy within a democratic society. As we have seen, the phenomenon of apathy within democracies is a highly contentious subject perhaps essentially contested  [25]  . We have found that apathy presents itself within democratic societies most significantly in the form of non-participation, noting that turnout rates have declined dramatically since their peak in the middle of the twentieth century. Weve looked at the causes of apathy, discovering that social status and education along with a cynicism and distrust of politicians and the sense of remoteness and disconnection from the legislative process also strongly contribute to apathetic sentiment within a population. In regards to whether or not apathy threatens democracy, it is possible to conclude both ways by differentiating between both representative and participatory democracy. Representative democracy is strengthened by the existence of apathy and relies upon it to maintain political stability. Conversely, direct or participatory democracy is threatened by apathy, as it requires widespread interaction from the public. Because elitist theorists are describing the present state of liberal democracies, it is hard to conclude that apathy can be seen as a threat to the legitimacy of government a party still wins, regardless of turnout. It is only once democracy is viewed in terms of public participation that the issue of apathy becomes a threat, undermining the very meaning of the word. In short, apathy threatens the concept of direct democracy, but it doesnt threaten the existing system of representative democracy, it merely strengthens it. The answer to this question depends solely upon whic h theory of democracy one finds more convincing.

Free Huckleberry Finn Essays - Inappropriate for Children :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Inappropriate for Children The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is, not and should not, be considered a child's story. A story like this may corrupt a young child's mind. It deals with adult themes and concepts that are generally not suitable for young children. Als o, if used as a child's story it may confuse them or give them the wrong idea about slavery and the terminology of the time. First of all, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is extremely inappropriate for children because it may put bad ideas into a young impressionable mind. At the young age of about twelve, Huck is roaming around the woods all by himself and later on is flo ating aimlessly down the Mississippi River with a bunch of criminals. Huck is living what may appear to the children to be a very exciting and glamorous life. Most parents would never steer their children the wrong way in life, don't want to tell childr en about a kid around their age or little older than they are that is homeless and basically cheating and stealing to survive. This novel explains in depth about various scams such as the Wilks brothers scam, and the teaching schools like the dancing sch ool or "yellow cution". In addition to the royal nonesuch plays which teach children that all you need to do is take the money and run like the King and the Duke did. After reading this novel the majority of children won't go out and try to scam their n eighbors. However, it may seem like an appealing lifestyle for them. It may also give them the impression that being a con man for a living, or being homeless and wandering is a wonderful and glorious carefree lifestyle, and because your Mommy or Daddy tells it to you, it must not be the wrong thing to do. In addition to giving the wrong idea about life, it is a brutal and vulgar book that children should not be exposed to. There are a couple of deaths like when Colonel Sherburn kills a harmless town drunk named Boggs. Earlier on Huck is staying with a the Grangerford family that is in the middle of a feud with the Shepherdson family.

Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Ar

Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, painter, sculptor, and printmaker, was born in Malaga Spain on October 25, 1881 and died on April 8, 1973.Today he is considered to be one of the most influential and successful artists in history. Picasso contributed many things to 19th century and modern day art and his name is familiar to all those involved in the many different fields of art. Throughout the seven decades that Picasso produced artwork he used many different types of media. In each piece of art he produced he searched for new possibilities, invented images in them, and reflected events that were occurring in his world through his artwork. Picasso had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the well-known School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality when he started painting pictures in just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He achieved this when he did the paintings of the blue period and rose period and other artists later followed Picasso's example. Picasso contributed to artistic creativity by exploring and creating new art forms during his career such as Cubism-which was not limited to painting. This new style of cubism eventually led to the modern abstract art that is visible to us in the artwork of the modern day world. Pablo Picasso showed his interest in art as a young boy. He showed great talent at a very young age and liked to paint pictures of the city life around him. This talent of Picasso's did not go unnoticed and at age 15 he entered into the Paris School of Fine Arts in 1896 where his father was a professor (Grolier). While there Picasso experimented with many of the different avant-garde styles happening at that time which is seen throughout his career as an artist. Many other artists, such as CÃ ©zanne and Toulouse-Lautrec, influenced Picasso. Paul CÃ ©zanne was known both for his technique of putting down on canvas exactly what his eye saw in nature and for the qualities of pictorial form that he achieved through a unique treatment of space, mass, and colour and inspired Picasso to express his own impression of current events through his artwork. Another influence was Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec who was known for being a leading postimpressionist artist whose paintings, lithography, and posters contributed much to the development of ... ...ng planes, and he made the guitar's sound hole a projecting cylinder (World book). Picasso's creation of cubism led to many of the abstract art styles utilized in the modern day world. Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist extraordinaire, had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the infamous School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality by not following the works of other artists and encouraged other artists to explore art through the use of just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He made this contribution when he created the paintings of the Blue Period and Rose Period. Picasso also contributed to artistic creativity when he assisted in creating a new style known as cubism, which he explored through different mediums including sculptures and collages in his paintings. Cubism eventually led to the creation of abstract art that is visible today in modern day art. So, as you can see, Picasso was definitely one of the most influential and successful artists in the history of art and those who know his work and his contributions will most likely never forget his name and his contribution to the world of art. Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Ar Pablo Picasso - His Life and His Art Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, painter, sculptor, and printmaker, was born in Malaga Spain on October 25, 1881 and died on April 8, 1973.Today he is considered to be one of the most influential and successful artists in history. Picasso contributed many things to 19th century and modern day art and his name is familiar to all those involved in the many different fields of art. Throughout the seven decades that Picasso produced artwork he used many different types of media. In each piece of art he produced he searched for new possibilities, invented images in them, and reflected events that were occurring in his world through his artwork. Picasso had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the well-known School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality when he started painting pictures in just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He achieved this when he did the paintings of the blue period and rose period and other artists later followed Picasso's example. Picasso contributed to artistic creativity by exploring and creating new art forms during his career such as Cubism-which was not limited to painting. This new style of cubism eventually led to the modern abstract art that is visible to us in the artwork of the modern day world. Pablo Picasso showed his interest in art as a young boy. He showed great talent at a very young age and liked to paint pictures of the city life around him. This talent of Picasso's did not go unnoticed and at age 15 he entered into the Paris School of Fine Arts in 1896 where his father was a professor (Grolier). While there Picasso experimented with many of the different avant-garde styles happening at that time which is seen throughout his career as an artist. Many other artists, such as CÃ ©zanne and Toulouse-Lautrec, influenced Picasso. Paul CÃ ©zanne was known both for his technique of putting down on canvas exactly what his eye saw in nature and for the qualities of pictorial form that he achieved through a unique treatment of space, mass, and colour and inspired Picasso to express his own impression of current events through his artwork. Another influence was Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec who was known for being a leading postimpressionist artist whose paintings, lithography, and posters contributed much to the development of ... ...ng planes, and he made the guitar's sound hole a projecting cylinder (World book). Picasso's creation of cubism led to many of the abstract art styles utilized in the modern day world. Pablo Picasso, Spanish artist extraordinaire, had many artistic influences in his life, including CÃ ©zanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and the infamous School of Fine Arts in Paris. Picasso contributed to artistic individuality by not following the works of other artists and encouraged other artists to explore art through the use of just one basic colour or one certain colour grouping. He made this contribution when he created the paintings of the Blue Period and Rose Period. Picasso also contributed to artistic creativity when he assisted in creating a new style known as cubism, which he explored through different mediums including sculptures and collages in his paintings. Cubism eventually led to the creation of abstract art that is visible today in modern day art. So, as you can see, Picasso was definitely one of the most influential and successful artists in the history of art and those who know his work and his contributions will most likely never forget his name and his contribution to the world of art.

Custer :: essays research papers

Custer’s Last Stand The Tragedy of Little Bighorn is such a tale for over a hundred years. This is one of the most startling defeats in the Military history. More than two hundred cavalrymen were killed in battle on June 25, 1876. Is General Custer to blame for all this mishap with the loss of his troopers including himself? Who was the real person to blame? The details aren’t fully covered in the mystery of what happened at Little Bighorn. The Europeans came to battle with the Indians to conquer the North American land that hundreds of Indian nations had lived on for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived. The Indians chief, Sitting Bull was a great military, political, and spiritual leader. He had a vision that the whites were going to battle with them. So the Indians were ready for battle. Who knows what would have happened if Sitting Bull didn’t get his visions. Would they be prepared? Would they have lost more men then they already did? It was a big concern to go to battle because of the loss of his people, but he knew that they were going to be successful with the challenge. The Europeans didn’t care about the Indians. â€Å"Everywhere that Indians live the whites speak of them as lazy, living off the Federal Government, drinking up their dole. It is essentially the same view of the Indian that prevailed in the seventeenth century.† This means that the whites felt strongly about the Indians not caring or being willing to pay for the natural resources that they were using up. All the whites cared about was the value of the land and the natural precious gold’s that came with it. General Custer and his men had been traveling for on going days without food and water. Lack of energy might have been the case for most of Custer’s’ men’s deaths including himself. Fresh trails were reported and on June 25th an Indian village twenty miles above the mouth of the little horn was reported about three miles long and half a mile wide and fifteen miles away. Custer pushed his command rapidly though they had made a march of seventy-eight miles in twenty-four hours preceding the battle when near the village it was discovered that the Indians were moving in hot haste as if retreating. Reno with seven companies of the seventh cavalry was ordered to the left to attack the village at its head while Custer with five companies went to the right and commenced a vigorous attack.

Native Americans-White Relations

AP US History DBQ: Native Americans-White Relations, 1800-1850 In the time period of 1800-1850 white Americans expanded across the vast lands on the western side of the continent and regularly encountered conflict with various Indian nations. In these documents, interactions for the various Indian nations were subjected to different cultivation between each tribe per say that there were responses that filled different needs and demands. Some tribes provided benefits such as agriculture and household manufacture and produced the idea that settlements to be blended and conform into one people.Other interactions created conflict because some of our land purchases were not 100% in compliance with the constitution. Yet some Indian nations were highly influenced by leaders such as Tecumseh for which they understood his implied meanings with obedience and respect. These primary sources of information give a great insight to the goals of the whites and their encounters The businesses to furn ish clothing and subsistence to the Indians became highly insufficient however the promotion of agriculture and household manufacture were essential.The goals of the whites were to settle as uch land possible for their nation called for it with an exponentially increasing population. Acting upon a coincidence of interests these promotions will â€Å"enable them to live on much smaller portions of land, and, indeed, will render their vast forests useless† ex Doc. A. These forests found useless and disadvantageous for they are â€Å"learning to do better on less land, our increasing numbers will be calling for more land† ex Doc. A. In Ultimate concession the best possible outcome would be to â€Å"blend together, to intermix and become one people† for that we can continue xpansion without conflict.Another response of the interactions was the idea that the Indians could be granted an annuity to guarantee growth towards the cultivation of their lands. The governor w ished for the Native American populations to â€Å"become more civilized† ex Doc. B which called for grants from the government. Such examples would include an â€Å"annuity of five hundred dollars to procure the necessary articles for the purpose of enabling them to cultivate their lands† ex Doc. B. However these promotions and ideas were only a cover-up of that the â€Å"governor got them to ign a deed for their land without their knowledge†.The chiefs considerer it out of consideration to that it was not in their power to do any such thing without consent from other nations. . The Chickasaw, Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole nations were the only 5 major tribes that were highly affected from the Indian removal acts and were forced into Indian reservations ex. Doc D. The Indians were highly influenced by Tecumseh and gave him immediate obedience and respect for he was an â€Å"uncommon genius, which spring up occasionally to produce revolutions or verturn the established order of things† ex Doc. C.Yet due to the want vs. need for land the vicinity of the United States when Tecumseh died in the Battle of Thames from American forces. Tecumseh's goal of establishing a independent Indian nation Mississippi river. In conclusion, the time period of 1800-1850 white Americans expanded across the western side of the continent encountered conflict and different interactions with various Indian nations. Popular belief believed that that to achieve an ultimate point of rest and happiness that they should share their settlements and lend together and become one people ex.Doc. A. Chiefs would be shown imaginary annuities of five hundred dollars a year only to be fooled with the signing of the deed for their lands without their knowledge ex Doc. B. One of their only leaders Tecumseh, controlled implicit obedience and respect for when he died the Indian nations would not be represented into a independent nation west of the Mississippi river e x Doc C ; D. These interactions between whites and Indians in the time period were various for the needs and demands for the Indian nations so that we would continue the westward expansion.